(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

Three steps

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ABCA1, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + NAD(+) = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  2. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol

  Catalysed by PYCR1, PYCR3, PYCR2, PRODH and 2 moreOne of 2 routes

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol
  3. orotate(out) + nicotinate(in) = orotate(in) + nicotinate(out)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, DHODH, SLC22A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2, SLC25A15cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, ODC1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CADcytosol, extracellular space

• beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, ALDOA and 2 more

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. transport of fumarate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, SDHB, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, NDUFAB1 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of isoleucine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, BCAT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• D-ribose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol
  3. purine nucleoside phosphorylase (nicotinamide)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, NQO2, PNPcytosol

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of isoleucine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GGT1 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. L-proline + NAD(+) = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  2. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by PYCR1, PYCR3, PYCR2, PRODH and 2 moreOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, ASLcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of phenylalanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, GNPAT

• orotidine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol
  3. orotidine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, DHODH, UMPS

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ADSS2, ADSS1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, TYRcytosol, extracellular space

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of lysine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, AASScytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix