glutathione disulfide

Three steps

• glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. glycochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• deoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cytochrome P450 (cholate)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• dimethylarsinous acidReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 2 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H2O = dimethylarsinous acid + 2 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, AS3MT

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acylamide amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• trimethylarsineReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, AS3MT

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 10 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC22A8, SLC22A7cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. monoamine oxidase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 12 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:28918Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• iron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
  3. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, DARS1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, TSTD1, SUMF1

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 12 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Citrate Transport, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. transport of malonate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by GSR, TSTD1, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol

  Catalysed by GSR, SQOR, DHODH

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)

  Catalysed by GSR, SLC22A13, SLC22A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A7cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A2, SLC7A7cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CADcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• a carboxylic esterReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, CP, PRDX6, CES2 and 4 more

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 12 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• a hydroperoxideReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. a hydroperoxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = an alcohol + [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, CP, PRDX6, PRDX5 and 4 more

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)

  Catalysed by GSR, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, CLYBLmitochondrial matrix, cytosol