Catalyst

Reference

Evidence

CompoundsSubstances with curated findings
OutcomesMeasured endpoints
ProteinsTransporters and enzymes
InteractionsPairs that share biology
PapersEvery paper a finding cites
ArticlesReadings of the evidence

Chemistry

ReactionsRhea and Human-GEM, by subsystem
ReachWhat a compound can become

Reference layer

PathwaysReactions grouped under one name
ProcessesWhat proteins are annotated as doing
AnatomyTissues, by what is expressed there
Cell typesCells, by what is expressed there
OrganismsSpecies a compound is prepared from
MaterialsSubstances that are not one molecule
AssessmentsRegulatory determinations, transcribed
DiseasesFeatures, genes, and where each sits

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Search the graph

Search ?

Reference

Evidence

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Interactions
Papers
Articles

Chemistry

Reactions
Reach

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Loading the page.

Catalyst

Computational infrastructure for human biology, built on a provenance-aware knowledge graph. Findings retain their sources; research and simulation are the next layers.

The graph

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Atlas
Interactions
Papers
Articles
Graph
Search

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases
Reactions
Reach

How it works

Mission
Method
Twin
How to read the evidence
Sources and licences

Build on it

Access
In your assistant
For agents
Query the graph
Bulk export

A reference for what the literature reports. Not medical advice.

Reach

androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

205 compounds within 3 steps: 11 in 1, 47 in 2, 147 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

19-oxo-androst-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
1. 19-hydroxyandrostenedione,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen 19-oxidoreductase
2. cytochrome P450 (19-hydroxyandrostenedione)
Catalysed by CYP19A1cytosolOne of 2 routes
11beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-oneReach from here →
1. testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
2. testosterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 11beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes
16beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-oneReach from here →
1. testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
2. testosterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 6 morecytosol
2-hydroxytestosteroneReach from here →
1. testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
2. testosterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 2-hydroxytestosterone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 5 morecytosol
4-hydroxyestroneReach from here →
1. cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
2. estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 4-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum
6alpha-hydroxyestroneReach from here →
1. cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
2. estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 6alpha-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1endoplasmic reticulum
15alpha-hydroxyestroneReach from here →
1. cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
2. estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 15alpha-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1endoplasmic reticulum
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstane-17-oneReach from here →
1. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADPH + H(+) = 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione + NADP(+)
2. 5beta-androstane-3,17-dione + NADPH + H(+) = 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstane-17-one + NADP(+)
Catalysed by AKR1D1, DHRS4

Three steps

(S)-3-hydroxybutanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, ADHFE1endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol
(S)-carnitineReach from here →

Page 2 of 5

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC26A4, SLC6A14

endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol

2-methoxyestroneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
cytochrome P450 (estrone)
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:2-Hydroxyestrone O-methyltransferase

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP3A4, COMT, LRTOMTendoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 3 routes

androsterone 3alpha-sulfateReach from here →

5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione:NADP+ delta4-oxidoreductase
Androsterone:NAD+ oxidoreductase
steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)

Catalysed by AKR1D1, AKR1C4, AKR1C3, AKR1C2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

prostaglandin E3Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
Transport of Prostaglandin E3, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin A2Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin J2Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
Transport of Prostaglandin J2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
3'-Phosphoadenylylsulfate:estrone 3-sulfotransferase
transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SULT1A3, SULT1E1, SULT1A1 and 1 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
cytochrome P450 (retinoate)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, CYP26A1endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

Catalysed by CYP17A1, HDAC10endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

17beta-estradiol 3-sulfateReach from here →

testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
cytochrome P450 (testosterone)
17beta-estradiol + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 17beta-estradiol 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 8 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

16alpha-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
unspecific monooxygenase (estrone)
16alpha-hydroxyestrone + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 16alpha-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and 21 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

16alpha-hydroxyestrone 16-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
unspecific monooxygenase (estrone)
16alpha-hydroxyestrone + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 16alpha-hydroxyestrone 16-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and 21 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

17beta-estradiol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
cytochrome P450 (testosterone)
UDPglucuronate beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase(acceptor-unspecific)

Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 25 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

17alpha-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
17alpha-estradiol + NADP(+) = estrone + NADPH + H(+)
17alpha-estradiol + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 17alpha-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, DHRS1, UGT2B17, UGT2B4 and 2 moreendoplasmic reticulum

5alpha-dihydrotestosterone 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
dihydrotestosterone:NADP+ delta4-oxidoreductase
glucuronosyltransferase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 12 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

2-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
cytochrome P450 (estrone)
2-hydroxyestrone + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 2-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP3A4, UGT1A9, UGT1A1 and 1 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

4-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 4-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
4-hydroxyestrone + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 4-hydroxyestrone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and 4 moreendoplasmic reticulum

estrone 4-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 4-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
4-hydroxyestrone + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = estrone 4-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + UDP + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and 6 moreendoplasmic reticulum

4-methoxyestroneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
estrone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 4-hydroxyestrone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
4-hydroxyestrone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-methoxyestrone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and 4 moreendoplasmic reticulum

2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-estroneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
cytochrome P450 (estrone)
2-hydroxyestrone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-estrone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, CYP3A4, COMTendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfateReach from here →

testosterone:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase
dihydrotestosterone:NADP+ delta4-oxidoreductase
steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

Catalysed by HSD17B6, HSD17B1, HSD17B3, HSD17B2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

6beta,16alpha,17alpha-trihydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16alpha,17alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
16alpha,17alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 6beta,16alpha,17alpha-trihydroxyprogesterone + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP17A1endoplasmic reticulum

all-trans-retinoyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
glucuronosyltransferase (retinoate)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, UGT1A1 and 2 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol

all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
unspecific monooxygenase (retinoate)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, CYP1A1 and 24 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

a phenyl acetateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP17A1, PON1, PON2, PON3endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

3-(methylthio)propionic acidReach from here →

androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 3 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 3 O2 = estrone + formate + 3 oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O + 4 H(+)
1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
acireductone dioxygenase

Catalysed by CYP19A1, ADI1cytosol

N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 3 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 3 O2 = estrone + formate + 3 oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O + 4 H(+)
(6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate = N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, GART

CHEBI:15345Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of acetoacetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, AACSendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

acetoneReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of acetoacetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

cholineReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC26A4, SLC5A7endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol

acetylpyruvateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP17A1, FAHD1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 2 routes

propionyl-CoAReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

(S)-malateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
(S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

L-leucineReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC26A4, SLC6A14endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15971Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC26A4, SLC6A14endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol

methanethiolReach from here →

androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 3 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 3 O2 = estrone + formate + 3 oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O + 4 H(+)
formaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = formate + NADH + 2 H(+)
methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, ALDH9A1, SELENBP1

CHEBI:16132Reach from here →

cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

Catalysed by CYP17A1, DERAendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

sulfateReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
3'-Phosphoadenylylsulfate:estrone 3-sulfotransferase
Estrone 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SULT1A3, SULT1E1, SULT1A1 and 1 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 6 routes

2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

iodideReach from here →

cytochrome P450 (4-androstene-3,17-dione)
transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by CYP19A1, SLC26A4endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, cytosol