putrescine

Three steps

• 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, PON1 and 2 morecytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CROT, GLYATL2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by AOC2, AOC1, AOC3, ALDH2 and 5 moreextracellular space, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosol

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• kinetensinReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Chymase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, CMA1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosol

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosol

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHATcytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, FAHD1cytosol

• pyruvateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 24 routes

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(5-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AACS, HMGCS1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. choline dehydrogenase (choline)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHAT, CHDHcytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, THextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, GFPT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 10 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosol, peroxisome

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14, SLC26A6extracellular space, cytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 11 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AOC2, AOC1, AOC3, ALDH2 and 5 moreextracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• adenosineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase
  3. adenosine:phosphate alpha-D-ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by SRM, MTAP, PNPcytosol

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 11 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes