(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

Three steps

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, KYNUcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, AGAcytosol, extracellular space

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, KYNUcytosol, extracellular space

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GCLC and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of lysine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, CADcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, GNPAT

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of phenylalanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, PAHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of histidine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, HDCcytosol, extracellular space

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, PAICScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, CARS2cytosol, extracellular space

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ABCA1, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, PPATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GFPT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, MSRAcytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, MSRB3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, PPCScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, TPI1

• an L-alpha-amino acidReach from here →
  1. L-proline + NAD(+) = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  2. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  3. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline

  Catalysed by PYCR1, PYCR3, PYCR2, PEPD

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, TPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, CDO1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GGTLC3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, MOCOScytosol, extracellular space

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• thio-Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, MOCOScytosol, extracellular space

• glycodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glycodeoxycholate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-tetradecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-tetradecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-eicosanoylglycinateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-eicosanoylglycinate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-docosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-docosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-hexacosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexacosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GLYATL1B and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space