choline

Three steps

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SQORcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, PPCScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• cyclic pyranopterin phosphateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. GTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H(+)
  3. (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CHDH, MOCS1

• an N-acyl-L-amino acidReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + a carboxylate

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACY1, PM20D1

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of dopamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. A + NADH + H(+) = AH2 + NAD(+)
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by CHDH, AIFM1, PYROXD1, ACAD10One of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• sphing-4-enine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + ATP = sphing-4-enine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (9(S)-HPODE)

  Catalysed by CHDH, PTGS2, PTGS1cytosol

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CDO1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. trans-tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (2E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glutathione gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GGTLC3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• Fe(II)-heme aReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. A + NADH + H(+) = AH2 + NAD(+)
  3. Fe(II)-heme o + 2 A + H2O = Fe(II)-heme a + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by CHDH, AIFM1, PYROXD1, COX15

• (2E)-hexenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)
  3. trans-hex-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• a cardiolipinReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1'-[1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho],3'-[1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + an acyl-CoA = a cardiolipin + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• (2E)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. trans-oct-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CROT, MECRcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, CLTRN, SLC6A20, PYCR1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC4A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• an all-trans-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinol + an acyl-CoA = an all-trans-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 4 routes

• 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a triacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = a triacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol

• 3-oxoeicosasphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxoeicosasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• 3-oxoeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 11 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-docosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-docosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• N-eicosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-eicosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. sphinganine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 morecytosol

• N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. sphinganine + tetradecanoyl-CoA = N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• 3-oxohexadecasphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• 3-oxotetradecasphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxotetradecasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CHAT, MOCOScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 12 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxodocosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (eicosanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 12 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 3-oxo-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)
  3. (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxo-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• 3-oxo-(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)
  3. (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxo-(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• (R)-noradrenalineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 1-dodecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (lauroyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes