carnosine

Three steps

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of ornithine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, NAT8Lmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6extracellular space, cytosol

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of isoleucine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of ornithine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, MOCOS

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 26 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, AARS1cytosol

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of ornithine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, SLC3A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8, GOT2, TATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of lysine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of glutamine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 23 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, CLTRN and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8, DDCinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, LPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC12A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine + H(+) = histamine + CO2
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, HDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SCLYcytosol

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, SLC1A7 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-histidine + ATP = L-homocarnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. Transport of Homocarnosine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8, FARSB, FARSAinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, DARS1cytosol

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC25A15inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, ODC1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, CAD

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• taurineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 25 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, ASLinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, ADSS2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes