L-ascorbic acid

Three steps

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. N-tetradecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate
  3. tetradecamide + H2O = tetradecanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, FAAH

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by DBH, PAM, FAAH, PM20D1One of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoateReach from here →
  1. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + H2O = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, FAAH

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 14 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of glycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GGT1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• deoxyhemoglobinReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial
  3. globin to hemoglobin conversion

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• glycineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PAM, GLYATL2One of 29 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PAM, GLYATL2

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-tetradecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-tetradecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PAM, GLYATL2

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-octanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PAM, GLYATL2

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GLO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, ADH1C and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene C4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• biliverdin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial
  3. Heme Oxygenase 1

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. prostaglandin-F synthase (monodehydroascorbate)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DBHcytosolOne of 14 routes

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by PAM, KYAT3, AADAT