L-homocarnosine

Three steps

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BCAT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, ALAS1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GOT2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AADATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GCATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GGT1 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLDC and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, SLC6A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, PIPOXcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SHMT1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLYATL3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GOT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, TYRcytosol, extracellular space

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GSScytosol, extracellular space

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, KYNUcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, SLC6A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, OATcytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, KYNUcytosol, extracellular space

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GCLC and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of citrulline and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Carbamoyl-phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AADATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• anserineReach from here →
  1. L-homocarnosine + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + L-histidine
  2. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. carnosine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = anserine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CARNS1, CARNMT1

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, CARS2cytosol, extracellular space

• N(tau)-methylhistamineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, HDC, HNMTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, IDO1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, PPATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GFPT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space