beta-alanine

Three steps

• 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO3

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, SHMT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, CARS2extracellular space, cytosol

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, HADHA, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3One of 2 routes

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3One of 2 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• 3'-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2One of 2 routes

• L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO3

• thyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. thyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO3

• 3'-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2One of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2One of 2 routes

• 3',5'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO3

• 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO3

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, HADHA, ACADVL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, HADHA, ACADVL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ECHS1, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ECHS1, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC1A4, PRODH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A8 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, GLYATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SCLY, CTHcytosol

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ACAA1, SCP2 and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, NAGSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A35 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, CARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, GARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6, LACC1extracellular space, cytosol

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, MPO and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Asparagine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, NARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• hydrogenselenideReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, SCLY

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC5A7, PHOSPHO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, BAATextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, CTHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes