N-acetylputrescine

Three steps

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, ACP2cytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, ACAA1 and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SUCLG1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 6 morecytosolOne of 15 routes

• S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SRMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, ASLextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• propane-1,3-diamineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. [eIF5A protein]-L-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A protein]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SRM, DHPScytosol

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ODC1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ASAH1One of 3 routes

• N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate

  Catalysed by HDAC10, AMDHD2, PGM3

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ASAH1, PLA2G15

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 25 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ODC1, OAT

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. N(1)-acetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + spermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SRM, PAOXcytosol

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ASAH1, PLA2G15

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• cadaverineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate
  3. N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

  Catalysed by HDAC10

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC3A2, SLC7A7, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• 5-(methylsulfanyl)-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SRM, MTAPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2
  3. N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + N(1)-acetylspermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by HDAC10, PAOX

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• an S-substituted L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by HDAC10, ACY3

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, AMDHD2, GNPNAT1One of 2 routes

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  2. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 4 routes