spermidine

Three steps

• N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

  Catalysed by HDAC10cytosol

• acetoacetateReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CROT, PHYHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, PON1, PON2, PON3cytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CROT, GLYATL2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• D-histidineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by SRM, ODC1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ALDH9A1, ALDH7A1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosol

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosol

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHATcytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, FAHD1cytosol

• pyruvateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 22 routes

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AACS, HMGCS1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 33 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of glycine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 23 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. choline dehydrogenase (choline)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHAT, CHDHcytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 25 routes

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 10 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosol, peroxisome

• ureaReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 11 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ALDH9A1, ALDH7A1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix