putrescine

Three steps

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, GOT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, ASLextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• spermine monoaldehydeReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermine)

  Catalysed by SRM, SMS, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18132Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. ATP:choline phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHAT, CHKA and 1 morecytosol, nucleus

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dodecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 10 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA + O2 = (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosol

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, SLC7A8cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, DGAT1, LRAT and 3 morecytosol

• biocytinReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-lysine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-lysine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. biocytin + H2O = biotin + L-lysine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A9, SLC25A29 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLY, AGXT2cytosolOne of 7 routes

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A29, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + butanoyl-CoA = 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 6 morecytosol

• 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + octanoyl-CoA = 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CROT, MOGAT2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol = 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosol

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CARS2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-oxo-(9Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 8 morecytosol

• (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)
  3. (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HADHA, ACADVL and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16:4->C16:5), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HADHA, ACADVL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HADHA, ACADVL and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z)-decatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C10:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ECHS1, ACAA2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• docosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. Docosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14, LPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. Stearoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 10 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• octanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CROT, ACOT7cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14, SLC12A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• decanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. Decanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexacosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = hexacosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ZDHHC11B, NAA10 and 30 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 6 morecytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, CYP17A1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A9, CTHextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane