K(+)

Three steps

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 10 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 10 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 10 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 10 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, MOCOS, MTO1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GLO1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate 1-carboxy-lyase (beta-alanine-forming)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. Ca(2+)(out) + K(+)(out) + 4 Na(+)(in) = Ca(2+)(in) + K(+)(in) + 4 Na(+)(out)
  2. Transport of Homocarnosine
  3. L-homocarnosine + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + L-histidine

  Catalysed by SLC24A1, SLC24A5, SLC24A4, SLC24A3 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, ADH1C and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, CTH, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 6 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-tyrosine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tyrosine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-tyrosine + O2 = L-dopaquinone + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, CTH, TSTD1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamine(in)
  3. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6, AASSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene C4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A4, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. IMP + L-aspartate + GTP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-aspartate(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-aspartate(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by SLC1A7, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC1A1, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome