all-trans-retinal

Three steps

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:15345Reach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• acetoneReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of propanoate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 12 morecytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. all-trans-Retinal 11-cis-trans-isomerase
  2. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by RBP1, RBP2, HSD17B6, RDH16 and 10 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 10 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. N(6),N(6)-dimethyl-L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 A + 2 H2O = L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 formaldehyde + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 10 moreOne of 3 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase
  3. 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acylhydrolase

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 18 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of L-lactate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a monoacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. a triacylglycerol + all-trans-retinol = an all-trans-retinyl ester + a diacylglycerol
  3. a diacylglycerol + H2O = a monoacylglycerol + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 11 more

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. A + NADH + H(+) = AH2 + NAD(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 10 moreOne of 20 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• urateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of L-lactate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• dTDPReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. all-trans-Retinal 11-cis-trans-isomerase
  2. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by RBP1, RBP2, HSD17B6, RDH16 and 6 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. 13-cis-retinal to retinal conversion
  2. retinol dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)
  3. 13-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by RDH5, AWAT2cytosol

• 9-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. retinol binding protein (retinal)
  2. 9-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 9-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by RBP1, RBP2, HSD17B6, RDH16 and 8 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• a fatty acidReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase
  3. an all-trans-retinyl ester + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + all-trans-retinol = all-trans-retinyl 9Z-octadecenoate + di-(9Z)-octadecenoylglycerol
  3. di-(9Z)-octadecenoylglycerol + H2O = (9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 11 more

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase
  3. 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acylhydrolase

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 18 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space