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Reach

methylglyoxal

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

286 compounds within 3 steps: 5 in 1, 51 in 2, 230 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

(3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
2. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA
Catalysed by CLYBLcytosol
5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
2. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateReach from here →
1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
2. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Catalysed by TPI1
(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
2. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by HOGA1cytosol
(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
2. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by HOGA1cytosol
2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
Catalysed by PDHA1, PDHB, PDHA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

Three steps

(S)-3-hydroxybutanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by ADHFE1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix
CHEBI:1146900Reach from here →
Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

Page 2 of 6

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD(+) = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H(+)

Catalysed by AGXT2, HIBADHcytosol

2-phenylpropan-2-olReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
cumene hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = 2-phenylpropan-2-ol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, CLIC2 and 3 morecytosol

a hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acidReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
a hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + 2 glutathione = a hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 2 morecytosol

tauroursodeoxycholateReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and tauroursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of glycoursodeoxycholate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
(15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

(11S,15S)-dihydroxy-14(R)-S-glutathionyl-(5Z,8Z,12E)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
glutathione transferase (GSH)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 21 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

prostaglandin E3Reach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and prostaglandin E3 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

prostaglandin A2Reach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

prostaglandin B1Reach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and prostaglandin B1 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin J2Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin J2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

leukotriene F4Reach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and leukotriene F4 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHLcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin A2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
prostaglandin A2 + glutathione = prostaglandin A2-S-(R)-glutathione

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTA1 and 1 morecytosol

prostaglandin A2-S-(S)-glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
prostaglandin A2 + glutathione = prostaglandin A2-S-(S)-glutathione

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTP1 and 1 morecytosol

prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathione

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTA1 and 2 morecytosol

prostaglandin J2-S-(S)-glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = prostaglandin J2-S-(S)-glutathione

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTP1 and 1 morecytosol

2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, PTGES and 3 morecytosol

all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
cytochrome P450 (retinoate)

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

(13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
(13S,14S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + glutathione = (13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTM4 and 1 morecytosol

all-trans-retinoyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
glucuronosyltransferase (retinoate)

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
unspecific monooxygenase (retinoate)

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 27 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

a phenyl acetateReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

S-methyl glutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + methylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-methyl glutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, MMACHCcytosol

S-adenosylglutathioneReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + adenosylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-adenosylglutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, MMACHCcytosol

CHEBI:15345Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by AACScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

acetoneReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

acetylcholineReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

propionyl-CoAReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)

Catalysed by AGXT2, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

CHEBI:15570Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
alanine racemase

Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

L-leucineReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 10 routes

10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15650Reach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
transport of GSH and leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15699Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A5cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

hexadecanoic acidReach from here →

dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (1-palmitoyl-dihydroxyacetone-phosphate)

Catalysed by TPI1, GNPATperoxisome

malonateReach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

Catalysed by ME2, SLC25A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

bromideReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 17 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15971Reach from here →

2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A6cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

a halide anionReach from here →

(R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
(R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTT4 and 22 morecytosol

CHEBI:16108Reach from here →

dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
dihydroxyacetone + ATP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + ADP + H(+)
Glycerone phosphate phosphohydrolase

Catalysed by TPI1, TKFC, ALPL, ALPP and 2 moreextracellular spaceOne of 2 routes