palmitoyl-CoA

Three steps

• O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-oxo-(9Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 11 morecytosol

• a 2-hexadecanoyl-6-alpha-D-glucosaminy-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositolReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA desaturase (N-C16:0CoA -> N-C16:1CoA)
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. a 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = a 2-hexadecanoyl-6-alpha-D-glucosaminy-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, PIGWcytosol

• S-hexadecanoyl-N-acetylcysteamineReach from here →
  1. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. S-hexadecanoyl-N-acetylcysteamine + H2O = N-acetylcysteamine + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 5 morecytosol

• S-hexadecanoyl-N-acetylcysteine methyl esterReach from here →
  1. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. S-hexadecanoyl-N-acetylcysteine methyl ester + H2O = N-acetylcysteine methyl ester + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 morecytosol

• (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)
  3. (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 12 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16:4->C16:5), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z)-decatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C10:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• NAADPHReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. NAADPH + 2 O2 = NAADP(+) + 2 superoxide + H(+)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol

• docosanoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. Docosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 16 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 morecytosol

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 14 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• decanoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. Decanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexacosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = hexacosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 33 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a fatty acidReach from here →
  1. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase
  2. cholesterol-ester plasma pool to cholesterol-ester-10,13,16,19-docosa conversion
  3. a cholesterol ester + H2O = cholesterol + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by SOAT2, SOAT1, CES1, LIPN and 2 moreendoplasmic reticulumOne of 26 routes

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Carnitine Transport by Atb0

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 15 routes

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. choloyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 5 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 13 morecytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 8 morecytosol

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 4 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 18 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. Acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by LPCAT4, LPCAT3, LPCAT2, LPCAT1 and 6 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 14 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 16 routes

• an N-acyl-(4R)-4-hydroxysphinganineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)
  3. dihydroceramide,ferrocytochrome b5:oxygen oxidoreductase (C4-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by CERS1, CERS6, CERS3, CERS5 and 4 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 16 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 13 routes