glutathione disulfide

Three steps

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXTcytosol

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 12 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 12 routes

• dehydroascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 19 routes

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CTH, NPLcytosol

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by CTH, TYW1B, TYW1cytosol

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SDHB, SDHAmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOScytosol, extracellular space

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (PAPS)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 11 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxine sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-thyroxine + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = L-thyroxine sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 10 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (3,3-diiodo-L-thyronine)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 10 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by TSTD1, STScytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• N-acetylserotoninReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, SLC22A13, XDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, AARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H(+) = serotonin + CO2

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• prostaglandin F1Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E1 + NADPH + H(+) = prostaglandin F1 + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, BCAT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 14 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A2, SLC7A6cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 10 routes

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of fumarate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, FAHmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 21 routes

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSR, SLC22A13inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• dTDPReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLRcytosol

• (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-noradrenaline + O2 + H2O = (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:18183Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 13 morecytosol, extracellular space

• hydrogen cyanideReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtranserase

  Catalysed by GSR, TSTD1, MPST, TSTmitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (R)-normetanephrineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-leucine(out) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-leucine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. glycodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular space

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol

• O-[(5Z),(8Z),(11Z),(14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-beta-D-glucuronateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = O-[(5Z),(8Z),(11Z),(14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-beta-D-glucuronate + UDP

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 11 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 20-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2
  3. 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 20-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 15-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-prostaglandin B1Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin B1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin B1 + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 15-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-prostaglandin B1 + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 10 morecytosol, extracellular space

• serotonin O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. serotonin + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = serotonin O-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-noradrenaline 4'-O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sulfotransferase (noradrenaline)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-homocysteine thiolactoneReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. arylesterase (homocysteine-thiolactone)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol

• ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and tauroursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. tauroursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycoursodeoxycholate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycoursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space