L-ascorbic acid

Three steps

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, CLYBL

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• bromideReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MGST3 and 16 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 10 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 8 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AGXT2

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of bilirubin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosol

• COReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial
  3. Heme Oxygenase 1

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. L-tryptophan + glyoxylate = indole-3-pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• urateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. 12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy... to 12,13-epoxylinoleic acid-radical conversion
  3. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

  Catalysed by DBHcytosol

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. glyoxylate + L-phenylalanine = 3-phenylpyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AADAT

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 11 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-metanephrineReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase
  3. (R)-normetanephrine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (R)-metanephrine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, COMT, LRTOMT, PNMTcytosol

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AGXT2

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AGXT2

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PAM, AGXT2

• (R)-adrenaline 4'-O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. (R)-noradrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (R)-adrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)
  3. (R)-adrenaline + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = (R)-adrenaline 4'-O-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PNMT, SULT1A3, SULT1A4

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of LTD4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by DBH, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycolateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, GRHPR

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Fe(3+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + Fe(2+)(out) + H(+)
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CYB561D2, CYB561, CYBRD1, CYB561D1 and 9 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. N-dodecanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  2. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate
  3. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by PAM, HAO1