methylglyoxal

Three steps

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, ABATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by PC, PCK1, PCK2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, MSRAcytosol

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 morecytosol

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. glutathione gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 6 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde

  Catalysed by TPI1, DERA

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3, ENTPD1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• ubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + ubiquinol-10

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, SQORcytosol

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-noradrenalineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a 1-O-alkylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. a long chain fatty alcohol + a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate = a 1-O-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GNPAT, AGPS

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• 2-iminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, RIDAcytosol

• 2-aminoprop-2-enoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-serine = 2-aminoprop-2-enoate + H2O

  Catalysed by SRRcytosol

• 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 1-O-hexadecylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + hexadecan-1-ol = 1-O-hexadecylglycerone 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GNPAT, AGPS

• (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + 2 glutathione = (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• ursodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + hexadecan-1-ol = 1-O-hexadecylglycerone 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, GNPAT, AGPSOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin G2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin G2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• glycodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. glycodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, ABCC4cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (12R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (12R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 2 morecytosol

• (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, PTGES and 5 morecytosol

• (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• thromboxane B2Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and thromboxane B2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• an S-substituted glutathioneReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTT4 and 22 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (13S)-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + 2 glutathione = (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 3 morecytosol

• taurochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• thiamine(1+) diphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine-diphosphate[m] + lipoamide[m] = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide[m] + thiamin-PP[m]

  Catalysed by PDHA1, PDHB, PDHA2, DLATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix