gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. glycodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, MTRcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-[(5Z),(8Z),(11Z),(14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-beta-D-glucuronateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = O-[(5Z),(8Z),(11Z),(14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-beta-D-glucuronate + UDP

  Catalysed by GSS, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, UGT1A6 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 20-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2
  3. 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 20-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, UGT2B7, UGT1A1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 15-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-prostaglandin B1Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin B1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin B1 + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = 15-O-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-prostaglandin B1 + UDP + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• serotonin O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. serotonin + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = serotonin O-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT1A3 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-noradrenaline 4'-O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sulfotransferase (noradrenaline)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT1A3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-homocysteine thiolactoneReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. arylesterase (homocysteine-thiolactone)

  Catalysed by GSS, PON1, PON2, PON3cytosol

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ECHS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ECHS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT2A1cytosol, extracellular space

• tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and tauroursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. tauroursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT2A1cytosol, extracellular space

• glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of glycoursodeoxycholate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycoursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT2A1cytosol, extracellular space

• glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. glycochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• deoxycholateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cytochrome P450 (cholate)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CYP7A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• dimethylarsinous acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 2 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H2O = dimethylarsinous acid + 2 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, AS3MT

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14, LPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC6A4cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acylamide amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GSS, FAAHcytosol, extracellular space

• trimethylarsineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, AS3MT

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, AOC2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACSM4 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. monoamine oxidase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, AOC2 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, TPH1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, GOT2, GOT1 and 4 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACAA1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 2 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28918Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, PNMTcytosol, extracellular space

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC22A6cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• iron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
  3. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)

  Catalysed by GSS, CYBRD1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)
  3. Ca(2+)(out) + K(+)(out) + 4 Na(+)(in) = Ca(2+)(in) + K(+)(in) + 4 Na(+)(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC1A1, SLC24A1 and 4 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, FARSB and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, WARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, IARS1cytosol, extracellular space