L-kynurenine

Three steps

• hexanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-DPA)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-iminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2, RIDA

• (R)-3-hydroxy-(11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of 3-Hydroxyoctadecenoylcarnitinec

  Catalysed by KYNU, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (13Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((13Z)-eicosenoic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-aminoprop-2-enoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-serine = 2-aminoprop-2-enoate + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10, SRRcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by KYNU, CRAT, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• tetradecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16Dc->C14Dc), Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACAA1, HSD17B4, EHHADH and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• hexadecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Hexadecanedioylcarnitine

  Catalysed by KYNU, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• pristanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. fatty-acid-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• undecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (undecylic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2Z,4Z)-2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)
  2. 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenine hydrolase
  3. 3-Hydroxyanthranilate:oxygen 3,4-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by KMO, KYNU, HAAOcytosolOne of 2 routes

• a fatty acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLYATL2

• (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosol

• ursodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• 3-phenyllactateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. Formation of Phenyl-Lactate

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, GOT2, TATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• prostaglandin G2Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin G2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(out) + glutarate(in) = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A24mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (12R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (12R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, GPX1 and 2 more

• (5Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (physeteric acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• (3E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:1->C10:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by KYNU, ACADM, ECHS1, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-glyceryl-prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-glyceryl-prostaglandin G2 + AH2 = 2-glyceryl-prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (2R,6)-dimethylheptanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4(R),8-dimethyl-nonanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by KYNU, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + L-glutamine = an N(2)-acyl-L-glutamine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (7Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (7-palmitoleic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• 3-methylmalateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, CLYBL

• tricosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (tricosanoic acid)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, PTGES and 5 more

• Se-methylselenocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:thiol S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLYcytosol

• (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, GPX1 and 1 more

• thromboxane B2Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and thromboxane B2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• an S-substituted glutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, GSTT4 and 22 moreOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H1Reach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin G1 + AH2 = prostaglandin H1 + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (5S,11R)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (5S,11R)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (5S,15R)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (5S,15R)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (5S,15S)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (5S,15S)-dihydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (18R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (18R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• 13R-hydroxy-(7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 13R-hydroxy-(7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, PDHA1, PDHB and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix