putrescine

Two steps

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  2. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ODC1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, GATMextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  2. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by ODC1, OAT

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. N(1)-acetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + spermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SRM, PAOXcytosol

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• 5-(methylsulfanyl)-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine:phosphate S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribosyl-transferase

  Catalysed by SRM, MTAPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion

  Catalysed by SRMcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HADHA, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermineReach from here →
  1. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2
  2. N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + N(1)-acetylspermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by PAOX

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  2. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ODC1, AGXT2One of 2 routes

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AOC2, AOC1, AOC3, ALDH2 and 4 moreextracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• decanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1Bcytosol

• CHEBI:63544Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (adrenic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• hexacosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• tetracosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 10 routes

• docosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (2E)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• 4-acetamidobutanalReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-Acetylputrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating)(flavin-containing)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DPA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (13Z)-docosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-erucic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-TPA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-THA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (ximenic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (omega-3-arachidonic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• heptadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (margaric acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z)-heptadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (9-heptadecylenic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 5 routes