(R)-carnitine

Three steps

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, PDPR and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. taurocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = taurocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of isoleucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  3. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, NUDT19peroxisome

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CERS1

• estroneReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. Estrone 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• propanoateReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. propanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = propanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLC22A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1Bperoxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, CDKAL1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, DGAT1 and 4 more

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, XDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(3-sulfo-beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(out) + glutarate(in) = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(3-sulfo-beta-D-glucuronate) + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, CHST10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. butanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in) = butanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLC22A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of lysine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of glutamine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, CLTRN, SLC6A20inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dodecanoateReach from here →
  1. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (dodecanoylcarnitine)
  3. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, LPGAT1

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + octanoyl-CoA = 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, MOGAT2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol = 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2, MOGAT1

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-octadecanoyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 3-octadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-octadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT1

• 1-octanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-octanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-octanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2

• 1-dodecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-dodecanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-dodecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2, MOGAT1

• 1-octadecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-octadecanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2, MOGAT1

• 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2, MOGAT1

• 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2

• 1-tetradecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-tetradecanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-tetradecanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2

• 1-O-(9Z-octadecyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-O-(9Z-octadecenyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-O-(9Z-octadecyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, DGAT1, MOGAT2, AWAT2 and 3 more

• 1-decanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-decanoylglycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-decanoyl-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (myristoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CPT2, SCD, SCD5cytosol

• a 2-hexadecanoyl-6-alpha-D-glucosaminy-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = a 2-hexadecanoyl-6-alpha-D-glucosaminy-1-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, PIGW

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC6A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, LPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. Stearoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT2, ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4 and 2 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• octanoateReach from here →
  1. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, ACOT7mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC12A2, SLC12A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1Bperoxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C8->C6), Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, ACAA1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (stearoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CPT2, SCD, SCD5cytosol

• 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-oneReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes