butyric acid

Three steps

• 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• isovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (isovalerylglycine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• arachidonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• palmitoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• oleoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• phenylacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Phenylacetate:CoA ligase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. alanine racemase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 37 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 6 morecytosol

• butanalReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)
  3. butanal + NAD(+) + H2O = butanoate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 9 morecytosol

• CHEBI:15746Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (R)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acetoacetate
  3. AKG[m] + (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate[m] = acetoacetate[m] + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate[m]

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• ferricytochrome cReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-Retinal 11-cis-trans-isomerase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, RBP1, RBP2extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 10 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 10 morecytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one + NAD(+) = 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• androst-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 5 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4, SLC26A6extracellular space, cytosol

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-maleylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol