(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid

Three steps

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one + NAD(+) = 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• androst-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 5 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-maleylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate

  Catalysed by BDH1, BDH2, FAH, GSTZ1mitochondrial matrix

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methylumbelliferoneReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by BDH1, BDH2, HMGCL, HMGCLL1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, SLC16A1 and 11 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 23 routes

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 12 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase

  Catalysed by BDH1, BDH2, FAHmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18381Reach from here →
  1. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol