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Reach

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

432 compounds within 3 steps: 6 in 1, 57 in 2, 369 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

2-oxoadipateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine
Catalysed by AADAT
L-methionineReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. transport of leucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes
L-tryptophanReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. transport of leucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes
L-kynurenineReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC43A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes
L-alanineReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes
L-asparagineReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. transport of asparagine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes
L-phenylalanineReach from here →
1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
2. transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes
5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. L-ornithine + glyoxylate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2
(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by AADAT, HOGA1
xanthurenateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
Catalysed by AADAT, KYAT3
(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by AADAT, HOGA1
3-methylmalateReach from here →
1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
2. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
Catalysed by AADAT, CLYBL
thiamine(1+) diphosphateReach from here →
1. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate)
2. lipoamide to S-(3-methylbutanoyl)... conversion
Catalysed by BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBTmitochondrial matrix

Three steps

(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by AADAT, MDH1
beta-carbolineReach from here →
Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5

Page 2 of 9

extracellular space, cytosol

(S)-carnitineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
Carnitine Transport by Atb0

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 245 routes

2-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

(9Z)-octadecenamideReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z)-octadecenamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z)-octadecenamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by AADAT, PAM

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of leucine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-Valine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, BCAT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

AReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOSextracellular space, cytosol

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)
epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A7, GGACTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL3, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-phenylalanine + (9Z)-octadecenoate = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-phenylalanine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosol

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosol

acetoacetateReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)

Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

tetradecamideReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate
N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by AADAT, PAM

N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTPReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH + H(+)
N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTP + H2O = dGTP + glycolate + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, GRHPR, PARK7

N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-GMPReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH + H(+)
N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-GMP + H2O = glycolate + GMP + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, GRHPR, PARK7

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL3extracellular space, cytosol

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycineReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by AADAT, PAM

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

octanamideReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate
N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by AADAT, PAM

(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamideReach from here →

L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by AADAT, PAM

D-histidineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of leucine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

L-homoarginineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

L-homocarnosineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of histidine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
Formation of homocarnosine

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosol

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GARTextracellular space, cytosol

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, DPEP1, DPEP2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

indoxyl sulfateReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
indoxyl sulfate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = indoxyl sulfate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, DPEP1extracellular space, cytosol

2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glutamine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

kinetensin-(1-8)Reach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
Chymase
kinetensin + H2O = kinetensin-(1-8) + L-leucine

Catalysed by AADAT, CMA1, ACE2extracellular space

an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosol

N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →

4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosol