thioredoxin dithiol

Three steps

• docosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, ACAD10cytosol

• xanthurenateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by KYNU, KYAT3, AADATcytosolOne of 4 routes

• (2E)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase
  2. dATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase
  3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by TXN, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-noradrenalineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-threonylcarbamoyladenylateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. L-threonine + hydrogencarbonate + ATP = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, YRDCcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DPA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (13Z)-docosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-erucic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-TPA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-THA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (ximenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (omega-3-arachidonic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• heptadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (margaric acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (9Z)-heptadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (9-heptadecylenic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• nonadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nonadecylic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Transport of 11-Octadecenoyl Carnitine into the Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• dodecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Activation of dodecanedioic acid

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• decanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Sebacoylcarnitine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• octanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Suberylcarnitine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• hexanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-DPA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-iminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)
  3. 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, RIDAcytosol

• (R)-3-hydroxy-(11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of 3-Hydroxyoctadecenoylcarnitinec

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (13Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((13Z)-eicosenoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-aminoprop-2-enoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-serine = 2-aminoprop-2-enoate + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SRRcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. N-acetyl-L-aspartate + L-glutamate + ATP = N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, RIMKLA, RIMKLBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  3. N-acetyl-L-aspartate + 2 L-glutamate + 2 ATP = N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, RIMKLAcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by CRAT, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• tetradecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16Dc->C14Dc), Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by ACAA1, HSD17B4, EHHADH, ACOX1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• hexadecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Hexadecanedioylcarnitine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• pristanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. fatty-acid-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• undecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (undecylic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• a fatty acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLYATL2cytosol

• (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. sulfotransferase (thioredoxin)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. (9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + 2 glutathione = (9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SULT1A3, TSTD1, GPX1, GPX4cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS1, PTGS2cytosol

• ursodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by MOCOS, PTGS2cytosol

• 3-phenyllactateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin phosphorylation
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. Formation of Phenyl-Lactate

  Catalysed by GOT2, TATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix