acetylcholine

Three steps

• thyronamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. thyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, DIO3cytosol

• 3'-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. 3'-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, DIO1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. 3,3'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, DIO1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3',5'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, DIO3cytosol

• 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, DIO3cytosol

• L-homocysteine thiolactoneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. arylesterase (homocysteine-thiolactone)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, PON1, PON2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, ECHS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, ECHS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = ursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SULT2A1extracellular space, cytosol

• tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. tauroursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SULT2A1extracellular space, cytosol

• glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of glycoursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycoursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SULT2A1extracellular space, cytosol

• chenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (chenodiol)
  3. chenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = chenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SULT2A1extracellular space, cytosol

• deoxycholateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cytochrome P450 (cholate)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, CYP7A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC5A7, SLC6A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC5A7, LPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC5A7, SLC12A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-ethanolamineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acylamide amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1, FAAHextracellular space, cytosol

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, AOC2, AOC1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, ACSM4 and 5 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• 17alpha,21-dihydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. cytochrome P450

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CYP17A1, CYP21A2cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of dopamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. monoamine oxidase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 11-deoxycortisolReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CYP17A1, CYP21A2cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, ASAH1, PLA2G15cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-oneReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CYP17A1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 9 routes

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHAT, ACAA1 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:28918Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, PNMTextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, NAGSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• iron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
  3. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CYBRD1extracellular space, cytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHEcytosol

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. serotonin(out) + K(+)(in) + Na(+)(out) + H(+)(in) = serotonin(in) + K(+)(out) + Na(+)(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SLC6A4extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• hydrogenselenideReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  3. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, CHDH, SCLYcytosol

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CTHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC5A7cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SLC22A24extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 12 routes

• pentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. pentanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out) = pentanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1, SLC22A9extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, HDAC10cytosol

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5, GPX1 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5, GPX1 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a phenolReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, PON1, PON2 and 1 morecytosol

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:37946Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of dopamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol