propionic acid

Three steps

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 17alpha,21-dihydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. cytochrome P450

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• hydroxyacetoneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)
  3. cytochrome P450 (acetone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 11-deoxycortisolReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-oneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 6 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a phenolReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinoateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinal + NAD(+) + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, ALDH1A2 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-mevalonateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. (R)-mevalonate + 2 NADP(+) + CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)
  3. retinol dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, ALDH1A2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 1 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glycineReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 27 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NAD(+) = acetoacetyl-CoA + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 1 morecytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes