L-cystine

Three steps

• methylarsonous acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTO1, GSTO2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. transport of fumarate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 16 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GOT2 and 3 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, FAHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18183Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, GCLC and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• arsenic triglutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, AS3MTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:18405Reach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine 5'-phosphate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SCLY, PNPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + L-glutamate + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, AGXT2, GCLCextracellular space, cytosol

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GSR, MGST3cytosol

• Xaa-L-Pro dipeptideReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC1A4, PEPDextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX1, GPX4cytosol

• (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX1, GPX4cytosol

• (15S)-hydroxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX1, GPX4cytosol

• (17S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (17S)-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + 2 glutathione = (17S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX1, GPX4cytosol

• a hydroxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 2 glutathione = a hydroxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX4cytosol

• biocytinReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  3. biocytin + H2O = biotin + L-lysine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A7, BTDextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO3extracellular space, cytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CTH, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 4 morecytosol

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CTH, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 morecytosol

• 3-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLR, NANScytosol

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• 3'-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO3extracellular space, cytosol

• thyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. thyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO3extracellular space, cytosol

• 3'-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3',5'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO3extracellular space, cytosol

• 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, DIO3extracellular space, cytosol

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, NAGS and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-4-hydroxynonanalReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enal + glutathione = 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-4-hydroxynonanal

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTP1cytosol

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes