2-hydroxybutyric acid

Three steps

• N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 2 morecytosol

• 2-nonadioyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-nonadioyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 2-nonadioyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-hexadecanoyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  3. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 3 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• cholineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. alanine racemase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (R)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acetoacetate
  3. AKG[m] + (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate[m] = acetoacetate[m] + (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate[m]

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• ferricytochrome cReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
  3. 13(S)-HPODE to 13-oxy-radical-octadecadienoate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-Retinal 11-cis-trans-isomerase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 10 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. deoxythymidylate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. (17R,20S)-17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one + NAD(+) = 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• androst-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 5 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-maleylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methylumbelliferoneReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, SLC16A1 and 11 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 23 routes

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. L-tryptophan + glyoxylate = indole-3-pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 2 morecytosol