Catalyst

Reference

Evidence

CompoundsSubstances with curated findings
OutcomesMeasured endpoints
ProteinsTransporters and enzymes
InteractionsPairs that share biology
PapersEvery paper a finding cites
ArticlesReadings of the evidence

Chemistry

ReactionsRhea and Human-GEM, by subsystem
ReachWhat a compound can become

Reference layer

PathwaysReactions grouped under one name
ProcessesWhat proteins are annotated as doing
AnatomyTissues, by what is expressed there
Cell typesCells, by what is expressed there
OrganismsSpecies a compound is prepared from
MaterialsSubstances that are not one molecule
AssessmentsRegulatory determinations, transcribed
DiseasesFeatures, genes, and where each sits

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Search the graph

Search ?

Reference

Evidence

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Interactions
Papers
Articles

Chemistry

Reactions
Reach

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Loading the page.

Catalyst

Computational infrastructure for human biology, built on a provenance-aware knowledge graph. Findings retain their sources; research and simulation are the next layers.

The graph

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Atlas
Interactions
Papers
Articles
Graph
Search

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases
Reactions
Reach

How it works

Mission
Method
Twin
How to read the evidence
Sources and licences

Build on it

Access
In your assistant
For agents
Query the graph
Bulk export

A reference for what the literature reports. Not medical advice.

Reach

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

269 compounds within 3 steps: 2 in 1, 58 in 2, 209 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2
L-methionineReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
Catalysed by HOGA1, TYW1B, TYW1
L-alanineReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes
kynurenateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
Catalysed by HOGA1, KYAT3, AADAT
(3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA
Catalysed by HOGA1, CLYBL
5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2One of 2 routes
xanthurenateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
Catalysed by HOGA1, KYAT3, AADAT
(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by HOGA1One of 2 routes
3-methylmalateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. propanoyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = 3-methylmalate + CoA + H(+)
Catalysed by HOGA1, CLYBL
2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
Catalysed by HOGA1, PDHA1, PDHB, PDHA2mitochondrial matrix

Three steps

(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, MDH1
(S)-3-hydroxybutanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by

Page 2 of 6

HOGA1

, ADHFE1

mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

CHEBI:1146900Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 32 routes

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

(9Z)-octadecenamideReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z)-octadecenamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z)-octadecenamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by HOGA1, PAM

3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD(+) = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, HIBADH

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATcytosolOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin E3Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin E3, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

prostaglandin A2Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin J2Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin J2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL3, GLYATL2One of 2 routes

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2

all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
cytochrome P450 (retinoate)

Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

tetradecamideReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate
N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by HOGA1, PAM

all-trans-retinoyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
glucuronosyltransferase (retinoate)

Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
unspecific monooxygenase (retinoate)

Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 28 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

a phenyl acetateReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTPReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH + H(+)
N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTP + H2O = dGTP + glycolate + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, GRHPR, PARK7

N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-GMPReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH + H(+)
N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-GMP + H2O = glycolate + GMP + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, GRHPR, PARK7

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL3

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2One of 2 routes

N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

Catalysed by HOGA1, PAM

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2One of 2 routes

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2One of 2 routes

octanamideReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate
N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by HOGA1, PAM

(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamideReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate
N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate

Catalysed by HOGA1, PAM

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GART

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, DPEP1, DPEP2

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, DPEP1

an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2

N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2

CHEBI:15345Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

acetoneReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

Catalysed by HOGA1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

propionyl-CoAReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

CHEBI:15570Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
alanine racemase

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

L-leucineReach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 17 routes

CHEBI:15611Reach from here →

(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GNMTcytosol