butyric acid

Three steps

• 4-methylumbelliferoneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• anilineReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 7 morecytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, AKR1B15, AKR1B10 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 24 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4, SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, MTHFD1, GARTextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18381Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, MTHFD1, ATICextracellular space, cytosol

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, MTHFD1, ALDH1L1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 13 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (butyryl-CoA)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4, SLC6A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4, LPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC26A4, SLC12A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum