Catalyst

Reference

Evidence

CompoundsSubstances with curated findings
OutcomesMeasured endpoints
ProteinsTransporters and enzymes
InteractionsPairs that share biology
PapersEvery paper a finding cites
ArticlesReadings of the evidence

Chemistry

ReactionsRhea and Human-GEM, by subsystem
ReachWhat a compound can become

Reference layer

PathwaysReactions grouped under one name
ProcessesWhat proteins are annotated as doing
AnatomyTissues, by what is expressed there
Cell typesCells, by what is expressed there
OrganismsSpecies a compound is prepared from
MaterialsSubstances that are not one molecule
AssessmentsRegulatory determinations, transcribed
DiseasesFeatures, genes, and where each sits

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Search the graph

Search ?

Reference

Evidence

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Interactions
Papers
Articles

Chemistry

Reactions
Reach

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases

Atlas Graph Twin Access

Loading the page.

Catalyst

Computational infrastructure for human biology, built on a provenance-aware knowledge graph. Findings retain their sources; research and simulation are the next layers.

The graph

Compounds
Outcomes
Proteins
Atlas
Interactions
Papers
Articles
Graph
Search

Reference layer

Pathways
Processes
Anatomy
Cell types
Organisms
Materials
Assessments
Diseases
Reactions
Reach

How it works

Mission
Method
Twin
How to read the evidence
Sources and licences

Build on it

Access
In your assistant
For agents
Query the graph
Bulk export

A reference for what the literature reports. Not medical advice.

Reach

gamma-Glu-Ala

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

427 compounds within 3 steps: 2 in 1, 49 in 2, 376 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

(2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol

Three steps

beta-carbolineReach from here →
Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosol
(S)-carnitineReach from here →
Catalysed by GGCT and 1 more

Page 2 of 9

, GGACT

, CPT1A

, CPT1C

extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

One of 245 routes

2-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-Valine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, BCAT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

(8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
GTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, MOCS1extracellular space, cytosol

AReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MOCOSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 72 routes

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

(18S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (18S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

prostaglandin H3Reach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
prostaglandin G3 + AH2 = prostaglandin H3 + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-phenylalanine + (9Z)-octadecenoate = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-phenylalanine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucine + H2O = L-leucine + (9Z)-octadecenoate

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

(13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

acetoacetateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycine + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + 2-oxoglutarate

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

D-histidineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

L-homoarginineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC25A29extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

L-homocarnosineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
Formation of homocarnosine

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosol

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

kinetensinReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
Chymase

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, CMA1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT, AGXT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

(7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

acetaldehydeReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15345Reach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AACSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

cholineReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CHATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, nucleusOne of 2 routes

acetylpyruvateReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT2, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(5-hydroxylating)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

CHEBI:15380Reach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
5-aminolevulinate synthase (2-amino-3-oxoadipate)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, ALAS1, CPNE7extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

CHEBI:15477Reach from here →

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase ((5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid)
amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes