propionic acid

Three steps

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A8, AKR1B15 and 10 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, CPT2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 24 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7cytosol

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 12 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-phenylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetoacetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A8 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dTTPReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTTP Nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, SLC25A20cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, MTHFD1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:18381Reach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, MTHFD1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + butanoyl-CoA = 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, MTHFD1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of butyrate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum