glycine betaine

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. (R)-carnitine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

1. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
2. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid

Catalysed by SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosol

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. transport of methionine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

1. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. transport of asparagine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. transport of methionine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, MSRAcytosol

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 morecytosol

1. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by SLC6A12extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CPT2, CRAT, CROTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. hexanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
2. acetoacetyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-3-oxobutanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

Catalysed by SLC22A5, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

1. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
2. transport of methionine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
3. beta-carboline hydrolysis

Catalysed by BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular space

1. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
3. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by and 2 more