L-cystine

Three steps

• (11S,15S)-dihydroxy-14(R)-S-glutathionyl-(5Z,8Z,12E)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. glutathione transferase (GSH)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, PTGES and 20 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• pregnenolone sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• androsterone 3alpha-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• prostaglandin E3Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E3 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin H3Reach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin G3 + AH2 = prostaglandin H3 + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• prostaglandin A2Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin B1Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin B1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin J2Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Transport of Prostaglandin J2, Lactate Antiport

  Catalysed by CTH, LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport

  Catalysed by CTH, LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene F4Reach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene F4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)
  3. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A7, GGACTextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• prostaglandin A2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin A2 + glutathione = prostaglandin A2-S-(R)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTA1, GSTM1cytosol

• prostaglandin A2-S-(S)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin A2 + glutathione = prostaglandin A2-S-(S)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTP1, GSTM1cytosol

• prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTA1, GSTP1, GSTM1cytosol

• prostaglandin J2-S-(S)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = prostaglandin J2-S-(S)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTP1, GSTM1cytosol

• 13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 1 morecytosol

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine + (9Z)-octadecenoate = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-phenylalanine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (retinoate)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• cholesterol sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (13S,14S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + glutathione = (13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTM4, LTC4Scytosol

• 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, MOCOS, PTGS2extracellular space, cytosol

• N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycine + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + 2-oxoglutarate

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• all-trans-retinoyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glucuronosyltransferase (retinoate)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. unspecific monooxygenase (retinoate)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 28 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• an aryl sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. an aryl sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, ARSL and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-sulfinopyruvateReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, CDO1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-methyl glutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + methylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-methyl glutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, MMACHCcytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-histidineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by TXNRD1, TXNRD3, TXNRD2, SLC3A2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S-adenosylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + adenosylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-adenosylglutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, MMACHCcytosol