hexadecanoate

Three steps

• all-trans-3-hydroxyretinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. all-trans-retinol + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] + O2 + 2 H(+) = all-trans-3-hydroxyretinol + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin] + H2O

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 more

• beta-D-glucoseReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + beta-D-glucose

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by RPE65, HSD17B6, RDH16, RBP3 and 4 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 moreOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16566Reach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. L-serine + hexadecanoyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxosphinganine + CO2 + CoA
  3. Sphinganine:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• pregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. 6 reduced [adrenodoxin] + cholesterol + 3 O2 + 6 H(+) = 4-methylpentanal + pregnenolone + 6 oxidized [adrenodoxin] + 4 H2O

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA
  3. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + H2O = 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 more

• sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 2 H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + 2 hexadecanoate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 more

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. H2O[c] + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine[c] = palmitate[c] + sphingosine[c]
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2nucleus, cytosol

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-acylglycerol-3P-LD-TG1 pool (liver tissue) formation

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. cholesterol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = cholesteryl hexadecanoate + CoA
  3. cholesterol-ester plasma pool to cholesterol-ester-10,13,16,19-docosa conversion

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 moreendoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 more

• cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucosideReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. a beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + an N-acylsphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 moreOne of 8 routes

• 7alpha-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• O-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + NADH + 2 H(+) = hexadecanal + NAD(+) + H2O
  2. Sphinganine-1-phosphate pamlmitaldehyde-lyase
  3. Sphinganine-1-phosphate pamlmitaldehyde-lyase

  Catalysed by ALDH3B1, ALDH3B2, ALDH3A2, SGPL1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• a sphingomyelinReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an N-acylsphing-4-enine = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + a sphingomyelin

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 more

• 26-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 26-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. sphinganine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = N-hexadecanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)
  3. N-hexadecanoylsphinganine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = N-hexadecanoyl-sphinganine-1-phosphocholine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 12 moreOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. retinol: NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 6 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• 4-methylpentanalReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. 6 reduced [adrenodoxin] + cholesterol + 3 O2 + 6 H(+) = 4-methylpentanal + pregnenolone + 6 oxidized [adrenodoxin] + 4 H2O

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• a diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. a triacylglycerol + all-trans-retinol = an all-trans-retinyl ester + a diacylglycerol

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 more

• superoxideReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA
  3. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 morecytosol

• cholesteryl 3-beta-D-galactosideReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. a beta-D-galactosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-galactoside + an N-acylsphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 moreOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl 3-beta-D-xylosideReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. a beta-D-xylosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-xyloside + an N-acylsphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 moreOne of 2 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by RPE65, AWAT2

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16:1->C14:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 12 moremitochondrial matrix

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1-octadecanoyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + octadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 moreOne of 2 routes

• all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acidReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA
  3. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 morecytosol

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-hexadecanoyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 10 moreOne of 2 routes

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + phosphocholine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 more

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1,2-di-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-3-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + CoA
  3. 1,2-di-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-3-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + H2O = 1-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-3-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 moreOne of 7 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. Palmitoleoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 14 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (24S)-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (24S)-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. H2O[c] + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine[c] = palmitate[c] + sphingosine[c]
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2nucleus, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• sphingosine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. H2O[c] + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine[c] = palmitate[c] + sphingosine[c]
  3. ATP:sphingosine 1-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 3 morenucleus, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 moreOne of 2 routes

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 moreOne of 3 routes

• all-trans-4-oxoretinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. cytochrome P450 (retinol)

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. retinol binding protein (retinol)

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-octanoylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. beta-D-glucosyl-N-octanoylsphing-4E-enine + cholesterol = N-octanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 1 more

• cholesteryl (9Z-octadecenoate)Reach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + cholesterol = cholesteryl (9Z-octadecenoate) + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 moreOne of 3 routes

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. H2O[c] + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine[c] = palmitate[c] + sphingosine[c]
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 1 morenucleus, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (24R)-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesterol = cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (24R)-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 2 more

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by RPE65, PNLIP, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 more

• an N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + hexadecanoate
  2. H2O[c] + N-hexadecanoylsphing-4-enine[c] = palmitate[c] + sphingosine[c]
  3. sphing-4-enine + a fatty acyl-CoA = an N-acylsphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAAA, ASAH1, ACER2, ASAH2 and 6 morenucleus, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycineReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 more

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. Beta Oxidation Fatty Acid

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 11 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain fatty acid = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 more

• sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. hexadecanoate + ATP + CoA = hexadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  2. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 13 more