(R)-carnitine

Three steps

• prostaglandin A2Reach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. scavenger receptor class F (prostaglandin A2)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SCARF2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha reduction

  Catalysed by SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MOGAT2, MOGAT1

• 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLCO1B1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, GLYATL3, GLYATL2

• N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, GLYATL2

• 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, PHYHmitochondrial matrix

• 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT2, PHYH

• 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (dodecanoylcarnitine)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT2, PHYH

• 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, AWAT2

• 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, AWAT2

• 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, AWAT2

• all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, AWAT2

• tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, AWAT2

• 13-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 13-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, DGAT1

• 9-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 9-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, AWAT2

• 1-O-(9Z-octadecenyl)-2,3-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-O-(9Z-octadecyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-O-(9Z-octadecenyl)-2,3-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, DGAT1, MOGAT2, MOGAT3

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, GLYATL3

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (dodecanoylcarnitine)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CRAT, CROT, GLYATL2mitochondrial matrix

• an N-hexadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a sphingoid base + hexadecanoyl-CoA = an N-hexadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CERS6 and 1 more

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CERS1

• N-hexadecanoyl-sphinga-4E,14Z-dienineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. sphinga-4E,14Z-dienine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = N-hexadecanoyl-sphinga-4E,14Z-dienine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CERS6 and 1 more

• (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (stearoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CPT2, SCD, SCD5cytosol

• cholineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC5A7inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• oleoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. stearoyl-CoA desaturase (N-C18:0CoA -> N-C18:1CoA)

  Catalysed by CPT2, SCDcytosolOne of 3 routes

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. Active Transport

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1Bperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of leucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC3A2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, PDPR and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a 1-hexadecanoyl-2-acylglycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = a 1-hexadecanoyl-2-acylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, LPGAT1

• an hexadecanoyl-acylglycerolReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a 1-acylglycerol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = an hexadecanoyl-acylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, LPGAT1

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, MBOAT1

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, MBOAT1

• S-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, FITM2

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of homoserine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1Bperoxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, FAR1 and 1 moreperoxisomeOne of 2 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC26A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, MPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  2. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, DGAT1 and 4 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of citrulline and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, SLC6A12, SLC26A4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of methionine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. transport of arginine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, MARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLCO2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)
  2. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC22A5, BHMT, BHMT2, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol