gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• docosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MOCOScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (R)-adrenalineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-noradrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (R)-adrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, PNMTcytosol, extracellular space

• (2E)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, HOGA1cytosol

• CHEBI:730073Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC22A13, MPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DPA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (13Z)-docosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-erucic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-TPA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-THA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (ximenic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:742324Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, COMT and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (omega-3-arachidonic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• heptadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (margaric acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (9Z)-heptadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (9-heptadecylenic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatrienoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• nonadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nonadecylic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Transport of 11-Octadecenoyl Carnitine into the Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (12R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (12R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX12Bcytosol, extracellular space

• (8S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:oxygen 8-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-O-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenylglycerolReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acid amide hydrolase (arachidonate)

  Catalysed by GSS, FAAHcytosol, extracellular space

• dodecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Activation of dodecanedioic acid

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• decanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of Sebacoylcarnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• octanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of Suberylcarnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• hexanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-DPA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxy-(11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of 3-Hydroxyoctadecenoylcarnitinec

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (13Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((13Z)-eicosenoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, CYP2C9cytosol, extracellular space

• 19-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 19-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 20-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.2
  3. 10-HETE[n] + NAD+[n] = H+[n] + NADH[n] + 20-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate[n]

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, ADH4cytosol, extracellular space, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CRAT and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• tetradecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16Dc->C14Dc), Peroxisomal

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACAA1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• hexadecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of Hexadecanedioylcarnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• pristanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. fatty-acid-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• undecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (undecylic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACSM4 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 7-oxolithocholateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and ursodeoxycholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ursodeoxycholate + NAD(+) = 7-oxolithocholate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, HSD17B10cytosol, extracellular space

• (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGS2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + O2 = (15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGS2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (15R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (15R)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGS2cytosol, extracellular space