carnosine

Three steps

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of methionine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 24 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of ornithine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 18 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. transport of asparagine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 17 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, OATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, AGA

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, KYNU

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A8, PAHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC1A4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, PAICScytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(tau)-methylhistamineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine + H(+) = histamine + CO2
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, HDC, HNMTcytosolOne of 3 routes

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = L-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC25A2, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-histidine + ATP = L-homocarnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CARNS1, CNDP2cytosolOne of 6 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, SLC1A4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  3. transport of 3-sulfinoalanine and aspartate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, GADL1, CSAD, SLC25A12 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2, MOCOS

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. carnosine + H2O = beta-alanine + L-histidine
  2. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, AGXT2