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Reach

CHEBI:15345

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

567 compounds within 3 steps: 2 in 1, 111 in 2, 454 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

(11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((11Z,14Z)-eicosadienoic acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 5 routes
(R)-3-hydroxy-(11Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. Production of 3-Hydroxyoctadecenoylcarnitinec
Catalysed by HMGCS1, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol
(13Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((13Z)-eicosenoic acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 5 routes
4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
Catalysed by HMGCS1, CRAT, CROTcytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes
tetradecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16Dc->C14Dc), Peroxisomal
Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACAA1, HSD17B4, EHHADH and 1 morecytosol, peroxisome
hexadecanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. Production of Hexadecanedioylcarnitine
Catalysed by HMGCS1, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1BcytosolOne of 2 routes
pristanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. fatty-acid-CoA ligase
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2cytosolOne of 2 routes
undecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (undecylic acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 morecytosolOne of 3 routes
(5Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (physeteric acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 8 routes
(3E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:1->C10:1), Mitochondrial
Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACADM, ECHS1, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix
(2R,6)-dimethylheptanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4(R),8-dimethyl-nonanoyl-CoA)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix
(7Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (7-palmitoleic acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 8 routes
tricosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
1. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (tricosanoic acid)
Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

Three steps

(S)-3-hydroxybutanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by HMGCS1, HMGCL, ADHFE1cytosol, peroxisome
2-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
Catalysed by and 2 more

Page 3 of 12

HMGCS1

, HMGCL

, SLC16A4

, SLC16A5

cytosol, peroxisome, extracellular space

One of 2 routes

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

AReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

Catalysed by HMGCS1, NAGS, MOCOScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

(5E)-tetradecenoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((9E)-tetradecenoyl-CoA)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1BcytosolOne of 7 routes

S-butanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
butanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-butanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 6 morecytosol

S-octanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
octanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-octanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, CROT, NUDT19, NUDT7 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

decanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
decanoyl-CoA + H2O = decanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol

S-dodecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
dodecanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-dodecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

tetradecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecanoyl-CoA + H2O = tetradecanoyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
an acyl-CoA + H2O = an acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

tauroursodeoxycholateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
taurine to tauroursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by HMGCS1, BAATcytosolOne of 2 routes

glycoursodeoxycholateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
glycine to glycoursodeoxycholate conversion

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

leukotriene F4Reach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
leukotriene F4 hydrolysis

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ZDHHC11B, NAA10, ESCO2 and 29 morecytosol

2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathioneReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
transport of leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ZDHHC11B, NAA10, ESCO2 and 30 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
(9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
(9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by HMGCS1, CROT, PHYHcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
decanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol

2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

N-decanoylglycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

N-octanoylglycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, CROT, GLYATL2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

Catalysed by HMGCS1, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol

glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)
glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

Catalysed by HMGCS1, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix