propionic acid

Three steps

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an S-substituted L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 2 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• decanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 2 morecytosol

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:63544Reach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (adrenic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• hexacosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• tetracosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 10 routes

• docosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate
  3. phosphoglucomutase (N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 3 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearidonic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 8 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum

• 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)Reach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1-octadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:730073Reach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. 1-octadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-acetamidobutanalReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. N-Acetylputrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating)(flavin-containing)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DPA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (13Z)-docosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-erucic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• (9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-TPA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-THA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (ximenic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (omega-3-arachidonic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• heptadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (margaric acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• (9Z)-heptadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (9-heptadecylenic acid)

  Catalysed by ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1, ACOT7 and 8 morecytosolOne of 5 routes