(S)-carnitine

Three steps

• pregnenolone sulfateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• androsterone 3alpha-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. steroid sulfatase (androsterone sulfate)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• prostaglandin E3Reach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin E3 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin A2Reach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• prostaglandin B1Reach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. transport of arachidonate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin B1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1B1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoate + ATP + CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. 1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL3, ACSL1, ACSBG2 and 6 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + ATP + CoA = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 8 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• leukotriene F4Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
  3. leukotriene F4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ZDHHC11B and 31 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 9-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. linoleate:oxygen 9-oxidoreductase
  3. prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (9(S)-HPODE)

  Catalysed by PTGS1, PTGS2endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-octadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 8,9-epoxy-(5Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. unspecific monooxygenase (arachidonate)
  3. 8,9-epoxy-(5Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate + ATP + CoA = 8,9-epoxy-(5Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and 23 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)
  3. 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate + ATP + CoA = 11,12-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CYP2C9, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL5endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 14,15-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. unspecific monooxygenase (arachidonate)
  3. 14,15-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoate + ATP + CoA = 14,15-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and 27 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 9-(9Z-octadecenoyloxy)-octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+) = 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + H2O
  3. 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + 9-hydroxy-octadecanoate = 9-(9Z-octadecenoyloxy)-octadecanoate + 2,3-di-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-glycerol

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LIPA, PNPLA4, LIPE and 1 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 5,6-epoxy-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. unspecific monooxygenase (arachidonate)
  3. 5,6-epoxy-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoate + ATP + CoA = 5,6-epoxy-(8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and 23 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• cholesterol sulfateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. steroid sulfatase (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• acetoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase
  3. transport of acetoacetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC33A1, ESCO2, OXSM, ACOT12 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• 2-[15(S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. fatty acid amide hydrolase (2-arachidonoylglycerol)
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-glycerol + O2 = 2-[15(S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-glycerol

  Catalysed by FAAH, ALOX15Bendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• (13S)-hydroxy-(14S,15S)-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate = (13S)-hydroxy-(14S,15S)-epoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z)-eicosatrienoate

  Catalysed by ALOX15B, ALOX15, ALOX12, CYP2J2endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• (5S,15S)-dihydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S,15S)-dihydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by ALOX5, ALOX15Bendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, CROT and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACSM4 and 6 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 13-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, DGAT1peroxisome

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• 9-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. 9-cis-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, AWAT2peroxisome

• 1-O-(9Z-octadecenyl)-2,3-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycerolReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoate + ATP + CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate
  3. 1-O-(9Z-octadecyl)-3-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-O-(9Z-octadecenyl)-2,3-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL3, ACSL1, ACSBG2 and 7 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• beta-D-glucosyl-N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sphing-4E-enineReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + (9Z)-octadecenoate
  3. beta-D-glucosyl-N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sphing-4E-enine + cholesterol = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sphing-4-enine + cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 3 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• an aryl sulfateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an aryl sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, ARSL, ARSF and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACSM4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, CROT and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC25A29extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-hexadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase
  2. (R)-carnitine + hexadecanoyl-CoA = O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA
  3. a sphingoid base + hexadecanoyl-CoA = an N-hexadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CERS6 and 1 moreperoxisome

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix