(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate

Three steps

• 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acidReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate reduction

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, SDR42E2, AKR1B15 and 16 morecytosol

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, SLC1A4mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, PKM, PKLR, ENTPD3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, MOCOSmitochondrial matrix

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• 2-iminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AGXT2, RIDA

• 2-aminoprop-2-enoateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-serine = 2-aminoprop-2-enoate + H2O

  Catalysed by HOGA1, SRR

• 3-phenyllactateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glyoxylate + L-phenylalanine = 3-phenylpyruvate + glycine
  3. Formation of Phenyl-Lactate

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATcytosol

• glycodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. Glycodeoxycholate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-tetradecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-tetradecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, GLYATL2One of 2 routes

• N-eicosanoylglycinateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-eicosanoylglycinate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, BAAT

• N-docosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-docosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, BAAT

• N-hexacosanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexacosanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, AADAT, BAAT

• thromboxane B2Reach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. thromboxane B2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = thromboxane B2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by HOGA1, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• thiamine(1+) diphosphateReach from here →
  1. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 2-(alpha-hydroxyethyl)thiamine-diphosphate[m] + lipoamide[m] = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide[m] + thiamin-PP[m]

  Catalysed by HOGA1, PDHA1, PDHB, PDHA2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix