superoxide

Three steps

• 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactoneReach from here →
  1. NAADPH + 2 O2 = NAADP(+) + 2 superoxide + H(+)
  2. NAADPH + O2 + H(+) = NAADP(+) + H2O2
  3. NAADP(+) + D-glucose 6-phosphate = NAADPH + 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(+)

  Catalysed by NOX5, DUOX2, DUOX1, G6PDOne of 4 routes

• 3-oxosphinganineReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 4 morecytosol

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (DHAP)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisome

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosol

• 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. NAADPH + 2 O2 = NAADP(+) + 2 superoxide + H(+)
  2. NAADP(+) + D-glucose 6-phosphate = NAADPH + 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(+)
  3. D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate

  Catalysed by NOX5, G6PD, ISYNA1

• D-mannose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. NAADPH + 2 O2 = NAADP(+) + 2 superoxide + H(+)
  2. NAADP(+) + D-glucose 6-phosphate = NAADPH + 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(+)
  3. D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate

  Catalysed by NOX5, G6PD, GPI

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to dehydroascorbic acid conversion
  2. 7-hydroperoxy-H4-neuroprostane to 7-hydroxy-E4-neuroprostane conversion
  3. 8-peroxy-(5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)... to 5,9-cyclo-6,8-cycloperoxy-12... conversion

  No catalyst recordedcytosolOne of 8 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. trans-hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. palmitoyl-CoA desaturase (N-C16:0CoA -> N-C16:1CoA)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• an all-trans-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase (11-Cis)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-noradrenalineReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to dehydroascorbic acid conversion
  2. 7-hydroperoxy-H4-neuroprostane to 7-hydroxy-E4-neuroprostane conversion
  3. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by DBHcytosol

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2'-phospho-cyclic ADP-riboseReach from here →
  1. NAADPH + 2 O2 = NAADP(+) + 2 superoxide + H(+)
  2. NAADPH + O2 + H(+) = NAADP(+) + H2O2
  3. 2'-phospho-cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinate = NAADP(+)

  Catalysed by NOX5, DUOX2, DUOX1, CD38

• 22-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 22-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4V2, CYP4F11cytosol

• (14S)-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + O2 = (14S)-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate

  Catalysed by ALOX5, ALOX15, ALOX12cytosol

• 9-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol = 9-cis-retinol

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 2 morecytosol

• 14-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + O2 = 14-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate

  Catalysed by ALOX12Bcytosol

• (7Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 3 morecytosol

• 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 17R-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by PTGS2cytosol

• 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  2. 11-peroxy-docosahexaenoate to DHA conversion
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + AH2 + O2 = 13-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by PTGS2cytosol