Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide

Three steps

• glycineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, KYAT3, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, SLC7A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, SLC7A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, KMOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by PEPD, PRODH, PRODH2One of 3 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminopentanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, KYAT3, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 13 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AFMIDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-2-aminoadipateReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC1A4, MOCOSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Xaa-L-Pro dipeptide + H2O = an L-alpha-amino acid + L-proline
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by PEPD, SLC7A11, AADATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes