all-trans-retinal

Three steps

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of butyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• Fe(II)-heme aReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. Fe(II)-heme o + 2 A + H2O = Fe(II)-heme a + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinol + 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 2 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 9 more

• (9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + all-trans-retinol = all-trans-retinyl 9Z-octadecenoate + di-(9Z)-octadecenoylglycerol
  3. di-(9Z)-octadecenoylglycerol + H2O = (9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 11 more

• hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H(+)
  2. all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + CoA
  3. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AKR1B15, AKR1B10, DHRS3, AKR1B1 and 14 moreOne of 3 routes

• 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by ALDH1A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, SLC16A4 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix