Endpoint
Total cholesterol (TC)
The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
CAT:outcome/total-cholesterolreported in mg/dL46 findings from 27 compounds
What moved it
How to read these marks46 findings · 27 compounds · 19 null · by evidence strength
| Compound | Direction | Findings | Strongest evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| curcumin | down 4 · no effect 1 | 5 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| resveratrol | up 1 · no effect 2 · down 1 | 4 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| berberine | down | 3 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| pravastatin | down | 3 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| vitamin D2 | no effect 1 · down 1 | 2 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| (R)-carnitine | down | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| Curcuma longa | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| empagliflozin | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| lipoic acid | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| melatonin | down | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| NMN zwitterion | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| tirzepatide | down | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| Zn(2+) | down | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| chromium(3+) | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited. |
| coenzyme Q10 | down 1 · no effect 3 | 4 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| magnesium(2+) | no effect | 3 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| aspartame | no effect 1 · up 1 | 2 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| lutein | down | 2 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| crocin-1 | down | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| glycine betaine | up | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| L-arginine | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| L-glutamine | down | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| naringenin | down | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| α-tocopherol | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| pectin | down | 1 | Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited. |
| sodium benzoate | up | 1 | Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited. |
Reported to move it
27 findings
berberine — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2“After 12 weeks of intervention, men taking berberine had a larger reduction in total cholesterol and HDL-c than those taking placebo (Table 2).”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 500 mg twice daily
- Population
- Chinese men aged 20-65 years with hyperlipidemia; primary endpoint
Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial.2021PMID:34444711Permalink
melatonin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“The meta-analysis indicated that melatonin supplementation significantly reduced serum TC (WMD: −6.97 mg/dL, 95% CI: −12.20, −1.74) and LDL-C levels (WMD: −6.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: −10.53, −2.03) in the melatonin group compared with the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 0.3-100 mg/day oral
- Population
- adults in 63 RCTs of melatonin supplementation vs placebo across mixed clinical populations
Effect -6.97 mean difference, 95% CI -12.2 to -1.74
Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.2025PMID:41515249Permalink
berberine — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2“BBR significantly reduced TC compared to placebo (WMD = −20.64 mg/dl; 95%CI, −23.65 to −17.63; P < 0.001).”
Quoted verbatim from The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults in randomised controlled trials of berberine (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, PCOS and other populations)
Effect -20.64 mean difference, 95% CI -23.65 to -17.63
The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.2022PMID:36313096Permalink
curcumin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×3“Curcumin supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels when compared to the placebo group at the 6, 9, and 12-month time points.”
Quoted verbatim from Curcumin Attenuates Liver Steatosis via Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 12 months
- Dose
- Oral ethanolic Curcuma longa rhizome extract standardised to 75-85% total curcuminoids, 250 mg curcuminoids per capsule, three capsules twice daily (1500 mg curcuminoids/day) for 12 months
- Population
- Obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus managed on metformin (age >=35 y, BMI >=23 kg/m2, HbA1c <6.5%), Nakhon Nayok, Thailand; 227 randomised, per-protocol analysis and the analysed count is not reported in the paper; secondary endpoint (declared primary outcome: liver steatosis by controlled attenuation parameter on transient elastography)
Curcumin Attenuates Liver Steatosis via Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.2025PMID:41096556Industry fundedPermalink
tirzepatide — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“All three doses of tirzepatide significantly decreased TC: −0.25 mmol/L(95% CI:−0.34, −0.15; P <0.00001, high certainty) for 5 mg, −0.30 mmol/L(95% CI:−0.40, −0.20;P <0.00001, high certainty) for 10 mg, and −0.37 mmol/L(95% CI:−0.49, −0.24; P < 0.00001, moderate certainty) for 15 mg.”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 5, 10 and 15 mg once weekly
- Population
- Adults with or without type 2 diabetes in placebo-controlled trials, 12 to 72 weeks; all three doses
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial.2024PMID:38850440Industry fundedPermalink
pravastatin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2“Total cholesterol and LDLC were significantly reduced with 10 mg daily of pravastatin by 12% and 19%, respectively, at the 1-year follow-up and continuously thereafter.”
Quoted verbatim from Long-Term Effect of Pravastatin on Carotid Intima-Media Complex Thickness: The J-STARS Echo Study (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke).. - Study
- RCT
- Dose
- 10 mg daily
- Population
- Japanese patients aged 45-80 with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke and serum total cholesterol 180-240 mg/dL without statins, pravastatin 10 mg daily versus no statin (open-label); J-STARS Echo substudy
Long-Term Effect of Pravastatin on Carotid Intima-Media Complex Thickness: The J-STARS Echo Study (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke).2018PMID:29191850Permalink
Show the remaining 21
pravastatin — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Findingreplicated ×2“Pravastatin use was associated with a significantly greater decrease from baseline to week 6 and baseline to week 12 in LDL cholesterol (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p<.0001 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.0003), total cholesterol (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p<0001 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.001), and small LDL particle numbers (Week 6 – Baseline ANCOVA: p= 0.05 and Week 12 – Baseline ANCOVA: p=0.009).”
Quoted verbatim from A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 3 months
- Dose
- 40 mg/day
- Population
- Outpatients aged 18 to 68 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder on stable antipsychotic treatment; change from baseline to week 12
A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism.2014PMID:25261882Permalink
(R)-carnitine — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“Meta-analysis suggested a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD: −9.49 mg/dL, 95% CI: −17.07, −1.92, p = 0.014) and a borderline significant trend in reduction of LDL-C (WMD: −4.67 mg/dL, 95% CI: −9.78, 0.45, p = 0.074) following L-carnitine supplementation.”
Quoted verbatim from Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 1 g 3 times per week to 4 g/day across included trials; 1 to 24 weeks
- Population
- Adults in 7 treatment arms of randomised trials (intravenous and oral L-carnitine pooled) reporting total cholesterol, versus control
Effect -9.49 mean difference, 95% CI -17.07 to -1.92
Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2016PMID:26754058Industry fundedPermalink
Zn(2+) — decreases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“Six studies demonstrated significantly lower total cholesterol with zinc supplementation (MD = −5.70; 95% CI −7.50 to −3.89; p < 0.00001), with negligible heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes or prediabetes in 18 pooled RCTs of zinc supplementation against placebo or standard care
Effect -5.7 mean difference, 95% CI -7.5 to -3.89
Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2026PMID:42594341Permalink
resveratrol — increases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“As shown in, total cholesterol (MD = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.80, P < 0.05) and LDL (MD = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.74, P < 0.05) levels were significantly higher in subjects supplemented with resveratrol than control subjects.”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 500-3000 mg/day resveratrol
- Population
- Adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; total cholesterol pooled from 3 of the 4 placebo-controlled trials
Effect 0.49 mean difference, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.8
Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials.2016PMID:27560482Permalink
vitamin D2 — decreases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Finding“In the D2 group there were small, but statistically significant, decreases from baseline relative to placebo in total cholesterol and ApoB (favouring D2), as well as in HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 (favouring placebo; Figure 4A).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 4 months
- Dose
- 100,000 IU ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) orally once monthly for 4 months
- Population
- Adults aged 30-75 at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes (non-diabetic hyperglycaemia or positive diabetes risk score), UK; vitamin D2 arm versus placebo arm
Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.2016PMID:26700109Industry fundedPermalink
crocin-1 — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Results of the pooled random-effect size analysis showed just a significant decreasing effect of crocin supplementation on FBG (WMD: -6.52 mg/l, 95 % CI, -11.96, -1.08; p = 0.019) and TC (WMD: -4.64 mg/l, 95 % CI, -8.19, -1.09; p = 0.010).”
Quoted verbatim from The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose: A systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Participants in eight clinical trials of crocin supplementation (nine effect sizes), pooled
Effect -4.64 mean difference, 95% CI -8.19 to -1.09
The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose: A systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.2020PMID:32951748Permalink
naringenin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Naringenin consumption significantly reduced percentages of NAFLD grades (P < .001), as well as, serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (P < .001), total cholesterol (TC) (P = .01), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P = .02) and increased serum level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P = .02) compared with the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Does naringenin supplementation improve lipid profile, severity of hepatic steatosis and probability of liver fibrosis in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 100 mg capsules twice a day, before lunch and dinner
- Population
- 44 overweight/obese patients with NAFLD, placebo-controlled
Does naringenin supplementation improve lipid profile, severity of hepatic steatosis and probability of liver fibrosis in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.2021PMID:34516703Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Overall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that CoQ10 supplementation significantly improved metabolic profile in patients with CKD by reducing total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, MDA and creatinine levels, yet it did not affect fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP concentrations.”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- patients with chronic kidney disease
The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2018PMID:30417782Permalink
curcumin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×3“The results showed that curcumin consumption can significantly reduce AST (-0.35, (-0.57 to -0.14)), total cholesterol (-0.81, (-1.34 to -0.27)), TG (-0.49, (-0.71 to -0.27)), and FBS (-0.28, (-0.46 to -0.09)) in patients with NAFLD.”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Metabolic Biomarkers and Body Mass Index in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- adults with NAFLD, meta-analysis of 14 RCTs
The Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Metabolic Biomarkers and Body Mass Index in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2022PMID:35345991Permalink
curcumin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×3“In addition, curcumin supplementation was significantly associated with triglyceride (SMD -1.21; 95 % CI, -1.78, -0.65; P<0.001) and total cholesterol reduction (SMD -0.73; 95 % CI, -1.32, -0.13; P= 0.01).”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Curcumin on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profiles Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders
Effect -0.73 standardised mean difference, 95% CI -1.32 to -0.13
The Effects of Curcumin on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profiles Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2018PMID:30156145Permalink
lutein — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1“Visceral fat and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol were significantly decreased only in the lutein group, with a statistically significant difference between the two arms only for TC.”
Quoted verbatim from Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 20 mg/day lutein
- Population
- obese middle-aged adults (45-65 years) on a low-calorie diet, both arms
Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.2021PMID:33298201Permalink
lutein — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×1“Both intention-to-treat analysis and the per-protocol analysis showed significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and malonaldehyde levels in the lutein supplementation group compared with the placebo group.”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 7 months
- Dose
- 10 mg/day lutein
- Population
- adults with central obesity
Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.2025PMID:39964702Permalink
resveratrol — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Compared to the control group, RES intake significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and improved ejection fraction (EF).”
Quoted verbatim from Resveratrol improves lipid profile and recovers heart function in postoperative CABG patients.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 2 months
- Population
- patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Resveratrol improves lipid profile and recovers heart function in postoperative CABG patients.2025PMID:40676400Permalink
L-glutamine — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Serum levels of leptin, interleukin-6, cholesterol, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, as well as the ratio of oxidized low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, were significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group after exhaustive exercise (P < 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Glutamine supplementation can reduce some atherosclerosis markers after exhaustive exercise in young healthy males.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 14 days
- Dose
- 0.3 g glutamine per kilogram body weight per day, oral, for 14 days, with 25 g sugar in 250 mL water
- Population
- Healthy young males (n=30, 15 per group) given oral glutamine 0.3 g/kg/day for 14 days then performing one session of exhaustive exercise, vs isocaloric sugar-water control
Glutamine supplementation can reduce some atherosclerosis markers after exhaustive exercise in young healthy males.2022PMID:34844156Permalink
curcumin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×3“There were also significant reductions in body mass index and serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin compared with the placebo group.”
Quoted verbatim from Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- amorphous dispersion curcumin formulation 500 mg/day (~70 mg curcumin) for 8 weeks
- Population
- adults with ultrasound-diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.2016PMID:27270872Permalink
pravastatin — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×2“Pravastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% to 31.9%, total cholesterol by 16.1% to 23.3%,and triglycerides by 5.8% to 20.0%.”
Quoted verbatim from Pravastatin for lowering lipids.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day
- Population
- Participants of any age, with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease, in randomized placebo-controlled trials of fixed pravastatin doses lasting three to 12 weeks; dose range 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day
Pravastatin for lowering lipids.2023PMID:37721222Permalink
berberine — decreases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Findingreplicated ×2“Berberine led to significant declines in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting serum insulin, and insulin resistance(all p<0.05) compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 8 weeks
- Dose
- berberine 900 mg/day
- Population
- patients with schizophrenia, berberine given as adjunctive treatment
The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.2021PMID:33812218Permalink
glycine betaine — increases
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.Finding“Serum total cholesterol levels increased after betaine treatment compared with placebo (P = 0.032).”
Quoted verbatim from Metabolic Effects of Betaine: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Betaine Supplementation in Prediabetes.. - Study
- RCT
- Dose
- betaine 3300 mg orally twice daily for 10 days, then 4950 mg twice daily for 12 weeks
- Population
- Adults with obesity and prediabetes
Metabolic Effects of Betaine: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Betaine Supplementation in Prediabetes.2018PMID:29860335Permalink
sodium benzoate — increases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“In male mice of the 3.0% group, absolute liver weights and serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly increased, and enlargement, vacuolation and necrosis of hepatocytes were evident.”
Quoted verbatim from Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 10 days
- Dose
- 3.0% sodium benzoate in diet
- Population
- male B6C3F1 mice, 3.0% sodium benzoate in diet for 10 days
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.1993PMID:8212059Permalink
aspartame — increases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“Also, ASP 2 and ASP 3 significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the rats.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status of cellular system of male rats.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 35 and 70 mg/kg daily by oral gavage
- Population
- Male Wistar rats given aspartame 35 mg/kg (ASP 2) and 70 mg/kg (ASP 3) daily by oral gavage for 9 weeks versus distilled water; the 15 mg/kg dose is not covered by this sentence
Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status of cellular system of male rats.2016PMID:26247507Permalink
pectin — decreases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“In pigs fed with pectin, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were lowered but high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was increased (P < 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 2 months
- Dose
- 5% pectin in diet
- Population
- Young pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets with 5% pectin or cornstarch control for 72 days
Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs.2018PMID:30102377Permalink
Measured, no effect detected
19 findings
Curcuma longa — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“WEC had no effects on the levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (Table 5).”
Quoted verbatim from Hot Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Improves Serum Inflammatory Markers and General Health in Subjects with Overweight or Prehypertension/Mild Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Dose
- 900 mg WEC (three tablets) once daily for 12 weeks
- Population
- Overweight or prehypertensive/mildly hypertensive adults aged 50-69 years; WEC vs placebo
Hot Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Improves Serum Inflammatory Markers and General Health in Subjects with Overweight or Prehypertension/Mild Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.2019PMID:31394768Industry fundedPermalink
empagliflozin — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“Analysis of four RCTs including 335 patients suggested no significant effect of empagliflozin on TC (WMD = −8.07 mg/dL, 95% CI: −24.49 to 8.35, p = 0.335; I 2 = 83.5%).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Empagliflozin on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile and BMI in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 10 mg/day
- Population
- Adults with MASLD (previously NAFLD or NASH), with or without type 2 diabetes; four RCTs
Effect -8.07 mean difference, 95% CI -24.49 to 8.35
Efficacy of Empagliflozin on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile and BMI in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42504019Permalink
lipoic acid — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“The meta-analysis results indicated that ALA supplementation was not significantly associated with changes in intermediate disease markers, including TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, HOMA-IR or FBS (online supplemental figures S1–S6).”
Quoted verbatim from Alpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 300 to 1800 mg/day across trials
- Population
- Overweight or obese adults (BMI 25 kg/m2 or above) in 11 parallel-design RCTs, some with comorbidities; comparator no intervention or placebo; most trials oral, one intravenous
Alpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.2025PMID:40180416Permalink
vitamin D2 — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“In contrast, the effects of vitamin D2 on total cholesterol and LDL were not significant.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of different vitamin D supplements on body fat distribution and glucolipid metabolism in patients with obesity-associated metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- vitamin D2 1000 to 2000 IU/day across included trials (Table 1)
- Population
- Adults with obesity and/or metabolic syndrome; pooled randomised trials of vitamin D2 supplementation (about 1000 to 2000 IU/day, 6 to 12 months) versus placebo or no intervention
Effects of different vitamin D supplements on body fat distribution and glucolipid metabolism in patients with obesity-associated metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis.2026PMID:41731803Permalink
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“Throughout the 24-week intervention, lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, remained stable and within normal reference ranges in both the placebo and probiotic groups, with no statistically significant differences observed between groups (Table 3).”
Quoted verbatim from Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- one sachet daily, at least 1 x 10^9 CFU L. plantarum K014 with 2 g maltodextrin, for 24 weeks
- Population
- Healthy Malaysian adults aged 18 and over; whole 24-week intervention; maltodextrin placebo in the comparator arm
Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial.2026PMID:42124006Permalink
resveratrol — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1“The pooled effect estimate revealed no effect of resveratrol on cholesterol (MD = -5.91; 95% CI [-18.54, 6.72], P = 0.36).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of resveratrol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Participants
- 108
- Dose
- 1000 or 1500 mg/day oral resveratrol
- Population
- Women with polycystic ovary syndrome; 2 pooled RCTs, resveratrol vs placebo
Effect -5.91 mean difference, 95% CI -18.54 to 6.72
Efficacy of resveratrol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.2023PMID:37333786Permalink
Show the remaining 13
NMN zwitterion — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“Regarding lipid indicators, NMN supplementation had no significant effect on HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, or triglycerides.”
Quoted verbatim from Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 250-2000 mg/day oral across included trials
- Population
- Adults in randomized controlled trials of oral NMN or NMN-related preparations (including MIB-626) against placebo or no-NMN controls; random-effects pooled analysis
Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42514320Permalink
chromium(3+) — no detected effect on
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.FindingNull result“Six months of chromium supplementation (500 mcg or 1000 mcg) was not associated with any significant changes in glycohemoglobin, weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or urine microalbumin compared with placebo.”
Quoted verbatim from Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus.. - Study
- crossover
- Duration
- 6 months
- Dose
- chromium picolinate 500 mcg or 1000 mcg daily
- Population
- Adults with impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or metabolic syndrome, without diabetes; modified cross-over, 6 months of chromium picolinate versus placebo
Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus.2011PMID:20634174Industry fundedPermalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“Magnesium supplementation increased on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels [0.08 mmol/l (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.14); P for heterogeneity = 0.36] but had no effect on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Dose
- 15 mmol/day (360 mg/day) oral magnesium, median
- Population
- Adults with type 2 diabetes in randomized double-blind controlled trials of oral magnesium supplementation
Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.2006PMID:16978367Permalink
aspartame — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“Total cholesterol was not affected by aspartame consumption compared to control (-0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.27) or to sucrose (-0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.89 to 0.42).”
Quoted verbatim from Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- adults, pooled randomized clinical trials
Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.2018PMID:28394643Permalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“However, our results revealed that Mg supplementation did not have any effect on triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) serum concentrations among T2DM patients in comparison with the control group.”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.2021PMID:32468224Permalink
L-arginine — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“Compared with the Placebo groups, there was no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) after L-Arginine treatment.”
Quoted verbatim from Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- humans
Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.2019PMID:31442577Permalink
resveratrol — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×1“The administration of resveratrol did not affect psychological parameters or blood cholesterol (p=0.091) or triglyceride (p=0.932) levels.”
Quoted verbatim from The Effects of Resveratrol in a Randomized Clinical Trial on Drug-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Psychiatric Factors in People Living with HIV.. - Study
- RCT
- Population
- people living with HIV (PLHIV)
The Effects of Resveratrol in a Randomized Clinical Trial on Drug-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Psychiatric Factors in People Living with HIV.2024PMID:39528454Permalink
curcumin — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“However, curcuminoids were not found to affect serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p > 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Dose
- 1 g/day for 30 days
- Population
- obese individuals
Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial.2013PMID:22610853Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“The trial showed no evidence of effect of CoQ10 supplementation on total cholesterol (MD 0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.70), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (MD 0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.17) or triglycerides (MD 0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.52).”
Quoted verbatim from Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.. - Study
- RCT
- Population
- adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease without a diagnosis of CVD; single RCT (51 patients randomised)
Effect 0.3 mean difference, 95% CI -0.1 to 0.7
Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.2014PMID:25474484Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“Neither total cholesterol and cholesterol subfractions, nor triglyceride levels were affected by CoQ10 supplementation.”
Quoted verbatim from Supplementation with coenzyme Q10 reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations but not other lipid indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- patients from placebo-controlled trials of CoQ10 supplementation (409 subjects total, 206 CoQ10, 203 control)
Supplementation with coenzyme Q10 reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations but not other lipid indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis.2016PMID:26836888Permalink
coenzyme Q10 — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“The pooled results indicated that CoQ10 supplementation had no effects on total cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol, or on HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides.”
Quoted verbatim from A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD); meta-analysis of 12 studies (17 publications)
A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease.2022PMID:33782820Permalink
magnesium(2+) — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull resultreplicated ×2“HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower after magnesium compared with placebo (1.14±0.08 vs 1.20±0.09 mmol/l, p=0.026), but no effect on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides was found (Table 2).”
Quoted verbatim from Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 14
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 15 mmol magnesium per day (360 mg) as magnesium gluconate liquid, 50 ml three times daily, for 6 weeks
- Population
- Adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and serum magnesium at or below 0.79 mmol/l, 14 participants
Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial.2024PMID:37922013Permalink
α-tocopherol — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“The pooled analysis of 12 RCTs showed that vitamin E in patients with MASLD significantly reduced TG (-12.74 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-22.78, -2.70], p = 0.013), whereas no significant change was observed in TC (-2.11 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-4.89, 0.67], p = 0.137) and LDL-C (-5.32 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-11.15, 0.51], p = 0.074), HDL-C levels (0.23 mg/dL, 95% CI: [-0.48, 0.94], p = 0.527), and BMI (0.36 kg/m2, 95% CI: [-0.86, 1.58], p = 0.563).”
Quoted verbatim from Efficacy of Vitamin E on Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials
Efficacy of Vitamin E on Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2026PMID:42092748Permalink
How it is measured
Serum or plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentration by clinical enzymatic cholesterol-oxidase assay.
Measured, not recorded
- Subject
- total cholesterol (tc)
- Measurements
- 47 measurements
- Recorded as a finding
- No
Show what was measured
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.00001
TC (MD = -0.64 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.91 to -0.37, p < 0.00001)
PMID:25682973 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
2.3% reduction (non-significant), n = 18
CC exhibited non-significant reduction (2.3% and 2.6%) in TC and LDL-C respectively, however, the PS-CC resulted in a greater reduction in TC (11.0%) and LDL-cholesterol (14.4%) than either of the treatments alone (p < 0.0001).
PMID:29291429 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.07
SMD, 0.39, 95% CI, −0.04 to 0.81, P =.07
PMID:30313075 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, MD = -25.3 mg/dl, 95% CI [-39.2, -11.4], n = 497
The combined supplementation was found to significantly reduce TC (MD: −25.3, 95% CI [−39.2, −11.4] mg/dl; p < 0.001; I2 = 95%).
PMID:30632209 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.0001
TC (mg/mL) | 271 (256, 289) | 267 (259, 293) | 271 (239, 285) | 208 (201, 263) | <.0001
PMID:30795775 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases
TC levels in the saffron group were 0.19 lower and 0.11 fold lower in crocin group than in the placebo group
PMID:32013614 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases
TC levels in the saffron group were 0.19 lower and 0.11 fold lower in crocin group than in the placebo group
PMID:32013614 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.01
TC (WMD: -4.64 mg/l, 95 % CI, -8.19, -1.09; p = 0.010)
PMID:32951748 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
MD = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.01, 1.32; I2 = 31%; p = 0.05, p = 0.05, n = 450
The pooled result of seven studies involving 450 subjects showed marginal significant difference between AST and the control group (MD = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.01, 1.32; I2 = 31%; p = 0.05; on TC reduction.
PMID:35631193 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.0001
reduction in total cholesterol (TC) levels (weighted-mean difference (WMD) = -0.26; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.38 to -0.13; p = 0.0001)
PMID:35745197 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.0017
significant reduction in TC levels after the use of red clover (WMD = -0.11; 95% CI: -0.18--0.04; p = 0.0017)
PMID:35745197 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.0048
significant decrease in TC levels: WMD = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.25-0.05; p = 0.0048
PMID:35745197 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, MD -10.28, 95% CI -13.79 to -6.76
The intervention of resveratrol exerted a statistically significant effect on the level of serum TC (Mean difference = −10.28; 95%CI: −13.79, −6.76, p < 0.001, I2 = 26.7%, A).
PMID:36145131 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect
L/Z supplementation has null effect on circulating levels of TC (WMD: -3.82 95% CI: -13.83, 6.18; I-square: 85.2%)
PMID:36336325 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases
total cholesterol (TC) (MD -5.53 mg/dL; 95% CI -8.40, -2.66; I2 = 70%)
PMID:36337001 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.39
TC [WMD = −6.4 mg/dL; 95% CI, −20.91; 8.09, p =.39
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.013
Dosage | <100 mg | 2 | −17.17 (−30.76, −3.57) |.013 | 58.13
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.38
Duration | 12 weeks | 3 | −8.33 (−27.3, 10.63) |.38 | 84.65
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.97
4 weeks | 1 | −0.2 (−13.31, 12.91) |.97 | –
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.427
Type of intervention | CoQ10 only | 2 | 3.89 (−5.72, 13.51) |.427 | 0.0
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.013
CoQ10 + other drugs | 2 | −17.17 (−30.76, −3.57) |.013 | 58.13
PMID:37324909 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.002
a significant reduction in serum concentrations of TC was observed after zinc supplementation (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −16.16; 95% CI: −26.43, −5.89; P = 0.002)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases
−17.48 mg/dL (95% CI: −28.18, −6.78)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases
−9.34 mg/dL (95% CI: −16.38, −2.31)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.001
>120 mg/d elemental zinc supplementation and serum TC (WMD: −5, Pnonlinearity < 0.001)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.001
<12 wk zinc supplementation and serum TC (WMD: −5, Pnonlinearity < 0.001)
PMID:37604307 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.0001
resveratrol demonstrated remarkable decrease in TC [SMD = −1.80, 95% CI (−2.43, −1.18), p < 0.0001].
PMID:37767399 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.862
resveratrol did not demonstrate significant decrease in TG [SMD = 0.08, 95% CI (−0.56, 0.71), p = 0.813] and TC [SMD = −0.05, 95% CI (−0.61, 0.51), p = 0.862].
PMID:37767399 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect
There were no significant changes in TC and LDL
PMID:38317191 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, SMD = -0.74, 95% CI [-1.00, -0.49], n = 724
Not recorded as a finding: Supporting sentences rely on 'experimental group'/'the two groups' arm labels rather than naming berberine, and no single Methods sentence resolves this arm label across all included trials (mixed berberine-alone and berberine+metformin arms).
This indicated that TC levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group.
PMID:38429794 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.4
no significant impact on TC levels (SMD: −0.13, 95% CI: −0.43 to −0.17) (p = 0.40
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.009
polyphenols significantly reduced TC when the intervention period was less than 12 weeks (SMD: −0.57, 95% CI: −1.00 to −0.14, p = 0.009)
PMID:39723101 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.002
TC (WMD = -0.71 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.17 to -0.25, p = 0.002, I2 = 73%)
PMID:39796489 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, MD -7.76 mg/dL, 95% CI -11.29 to -4.22, n = 4802
The updated MA, which included 72 RCTs, demonstrated a significant reduction in TC, with an MD of -7.76 mg/dL (95% CI: -11.29, -4.22; I2 = 97%).
PMID:40044446 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, MD = −7.15, 95% CI (−8.78, −5.53), P < 0.05
The findings demonstrated a statistically significant difference in TC improvement between patients with the CA + AA genotype and those with the CC genotype [MD = −7.15, 95% CI (−8.78, −5.53), P < 0.05].
PMID:40082758 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, OR = 0.18, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.40, p = 0.096
For TC (7 studies), RES supplementation shown no significant effect (OR = 0.18, 95% CI [− 0.03, 0.40], p = 0.096) with low heterogeneity (Fig. A, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.448).
PMID:40705097 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.001
The random-effects model revealed a significant reduction in TC levels with berberine (WMD: −0.451 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.631 to −0.271; p < 0.001)
PMID:40740996 · one of two readings recorded this
Total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, p = 0.032, n = 1038
total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -6.58 mg/mL, 95% CI: -12.60, -0.55, p = 0.032)
PMID:41057035 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, SMD -0.20 (95% CI -0.76 to 0.35), p = 0.47, n = 325
The pooled analysis showed no significant effect of supplementation (SMD: −0.20, 95% CI: −0.76 to 0.35, p = 0.47; I2 = 81%).
PMID:41305552 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.17, n = 533
The results showed that, compared to placebo, mineral supplements significantly reduced cholesterol levels in PCOS patients (SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.17, p < 0.001).
PMID:41580698 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.17, p < 0.001, n = 533
The results showed that, compared to placebo, mineral supplements significantly reduced cholesterol levels in PCOS patients (SMD = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52 to -0.17, p < 0.001).
PMID:41580698 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
decreases, SMD -0.253, 95% CI -0.357 to -0.149, p = 0.266
Small but statistically significant reductions were observed in TC A; SMD: −0.253, 95%CI=−0.357 to −0.149; I²=13.256%, p=0.266), TG B; SMD: −0.216, 95%CI=−0.345 to −0.086; I²=48.555%, p=0.001), and LDL C; SMD: −0.242, 95%CI=−0.355 to −0.128; I²=17.768%, p=0.217).
PMID:41760304 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.335
no significant effect of empagliflozin on TC (WMD = −8.07 mg/dL, 95% CI: −24.49 to 8.35, p = 0.335
PMID:42504019 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.951, n = 127
Obese | 2 | 127 | 0.33 (−10.35, 11.01) | 0.951 | 0.087 | 65.7%
PMID:42504019 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.307, n = 208
Overweight | 2 | 208 | −17.92 (−52.32, 16.48) | 0.307 | 0.005 | 91.8% | 0.321
PMID:42504019 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.192, n = 182
With DM | 2 | 182 | −20.08 (−50.24, 10.09) | 0.192 | 0.003 | 88.5% | 0.157
PMID:42504019 · one of two readings recorded this
total cholesterol (TC)
no effect, p = 0.511, n = 153
Without DM | 2 | 153 | 2.17 (−4.31, 8.66) | 0.511 | 0.248 | 25%
PMID:42504019 · one of two readings recorded this
Sources cited
46 papers
- Subject
- total cholesterol (tc)
- Findings
- 46
- Papers
- 46
Effects of different vitamin D supplements on body fat distribution and glucolipid metabolism in patients with obesity-associated metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis.record2026PMID:417318031 finding
Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Glycemic Control, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.record2026PMID:425943411 finding
Efficacy of Empagliflozin on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profile and BMI in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.record2026PMID:425040191 finding
Efficacy of Vitamin E on Lipid Profile in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.record2026PMID:420927481 finding
Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.record2026PMID:425143201 finding
Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial.record2026PMID:421240061 finding
Alpha-lipoic acid on intermediate disease markers in overweight or obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.record2025PMID:401804161 finding
Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.record2025PMID:415152491 finding
Curcumin Attenuates Liver Steatosis via Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.record2025PMID:410965561 finding
Effect of lutein supplementation on blood lipids and advanced glycation end products in adults with central obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.record2025PMID:399647021 finding
Resveratrol improves lipid profile and recovers heart function in postoperative CABG patients.record2025PMID:406764001 finding
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial.record2024PMID:388504401 finding
Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial.record2024PMID:379220131 finding
The Effects of Resveratrol in a Randomized Clinical Trial on Drug-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Psychiatric Factors in People Living with HIV.record2024PMID:395284541 finding
Efficacy of resveratrol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.record2023PMID:373337861 finding
Pravastatin for lowering lipids.record2023PMID:377212221 finding
A systematic review for the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with chronic kidney disease.record2022PMID:337828201 finding
Glutamine supplementation can reduce some atherosclerosis markers after exhaustive exercise in young healthy males.record2022PMID:348441561 finding
The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.record2022PMID:363130961 finding
The Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Metabolic Biomarkers and Body Mass Index in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.record2022PMID:353459911 finding
Does naringenin supplementation improve lipid profile, severity of hepatic steatosis and probability of liver fibrosis in overweight/obese patients with NAFLD? A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.record2021PMID:345167031 finding
Effect of Berberine on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial.record2021PMID:344447111 finding
Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.record2021PMID:332982011 finding
The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.record2021PMID:338122181 finding
The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.record2021PMID:324682241 finding
The effect of crocin supplementation on lipid concentrations and fasting blood glucose: A systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.record2020PMID:329517481 finding
Effect of L-Arginine supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.record2019PMID:314425771 finding
Hot Water Extract of Curcuma longa L. Improves Serum Inflammatory Markers and General Health in Subjects with Overweight or Prehypertension/Mild Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.record2019PMID:313947681 finding
Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs.record2018PMID:301023771 finding
Long-Term Effect of Pravastatin on Carotid Intima-Media Complex Thickness: The J-STARS Echo Study (Japan Statin Treatment Against Recurrent Stroke).record2018PMID:291918501 finding
Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.record2018PMID:283946431 finding
Metabolic Effects of Betaine: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Betaine Supplementation in Prediabetes.record2018PMID:298603351 finding
The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.record2018PMID:304177821 finding
The Effects of Curcumin on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profiles Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.record2018PMID:301561451 finding
Effects of long-term administration of aspartame on biochemical indices, lipid profile and redox status of cellular system of male rats.record2016PMID:262475071 finding
Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.record2016PMID:267001091 finding
Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials.record2016PMID:275604821 finding
Impact of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.record2016PMID:267540581 finding
Supplementation with coenzyme Q10 reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations but not other lipid indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis.record2016PMID:268368881 finding
Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Curcumin: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.record2016PMID:272708721 finding
A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of pravastatin as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia patients: effect on inflammation, psychopathology, cognition and lipid metabolism.record2014PMID:252618821 finding
Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.record2014PMID:254744841 finding
Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: a randomized crossover trial.record2013PMID:226108531 finding
Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus.record2011PMID:206341741 finding
Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.record2006PMID:169783671 finding
Short-term effect of sodium benzoate in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.record1993PMID:82120591 finding